Lord Beaverbrook
Lord Beaverbrook
ALSO IN THE
EXTRAORDINARY CANADIANS
SERIES:
Big Bear
by Rudy Wiebe
Norman Bethune
by Adrienne Clarkson
Emily Carr
by Lewis DeSoto
Tommy Douglas
by Vincent Lam
Glenn Gould
by Mark Kingwell
Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin
by John Ralston Saul
Stephen Leacock
by Margaret MacMillan
Nellie McClung
by Charlotte Gray
Marshall McLuhan
by Douglas Coupland
L.M. Montgomery
by Jane Urquhart
Lester B. Pearson
by Andrew Cohen
Mordecai Richler
by M.G. Vassanji
Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont
by Joseph Boyden
Pierre Elliott Trudeau
by Nino Ricci
SERIES EDITOR:
John Ralston Saul
by
D
AVID
A
DAMS
R
ICHARDS
With an Introduction by
John Ralston Saul
SERIES EDITOR
PENGUIN CANADA
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First published 2008
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Copyright © David Adams Richards, 2008
Introduction copyright © John Ralston Saul, 2008
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CONTENTS
Introduction by John Ralston Saul
3
Lawyer’s Apprentice and Campaign Manager
5
Mr. Stairs of the Union Bank of Halifax
7
The Great Canadian Cement Caper and the CPR
10
Cherkley as a Front for Family Life
11
Law Becomes Conservative Leader
13
The Making of Prime Minister David Lloyd George
15
The Press Baron Alley Fighter
16
The Long-Coming Rise of Mr. Bonar Law
18
Free Trade and Stanley Baldwin, I Presume
20
War and the Boy from Newcastle
by John Ralston Saul
How do civilizations imagine themselves? One way is for each of us to look at ourselves through our society’s most remarkable figures. I’m not talking about hero worship or political iconography. That is a danger to be avoided at all costs. And yet people in every country do keep on going back to the most important people in their past.
This series of Extraordinary Canadians brings together rebels, reformers, martyrs, writers, painters, thinkers, political leaders. Why? What is it that makes them relevant to us so long after their deaths?
For one thing, their contributions are there before us, like the building blocks of our society. More important than that are their convictions and drive, their sense of what is right and wrong, their willingness to risk all, whether it be their lives, their reputations, or simply being wrong in public. Their ideas, their triumphs and failures, all of these somehow constitute a mirror of our society. We look at these people, all dead, and discover what we have been, but also what we can
be. A mirror is an instrument for measuring ourselves. What we see can be both a warning and an encouragement.
These eighteen biographies of twenty key Canadians are centred on the meaning of each of their lives. Each of them is very different, but these are not randomly chosen great figures. Together they produce a grand sweep of the creation of modern Canada, from our first steps as a democracy in 1848 to our questioning of modernity late in the twentieth century.
All of them except one were highly visible on the cutting edge of their day while still in their twenties, thirties, and forties. They were young, driven, curious. An astonishing level of fresh energy surrounded them and still does. We in the twentyfirst century talk endlessly of youth, but power today is often controlled by people who fear the sort of risks and innovations embraced by everyone in this series. A number of them were dead—hanged, infected on a battlefield, broken by their exertions—well before middle age. Others hung on into old age, often profoundly dissatisfied with themselves.
Each one of these people has changed you. In some cases you know this already. In others you will discover how through these portraits. They changed the way the world hears music, thinks of war, communicates. They changed how each of us sees what surrounds us, how minorities are treated, how we think of immigrants, how we look after each
other, how we imagine ourselves through what are now our stories.
You will notice that many of them were people of the word. Not just the writers. Why? Because civilizations are built around many themes, but they require a shared public language. So Laurier, Bethune, Douglas, Riel, LaFontaine, McClung, Trudeau, Lévesque, Big Bear, even Carr and Gould, were masters of the power of language. Beaverbrook was one of the most powerful newspaper publishers of his day. Countries need action and laws and courage. But civilization is not a collection of prime ministers. Words, words, words—it is around these that civilizations create and imagine themselves.
The authors I have chosen for each subject are not the obvious experts. They are imaginative, questioning minds from among our leading writers and activists. They have, each one of them, a powerful connection to their subject. And in their own lives, each is engaged in building what Canada is now becoming.
That is why a documentary is being filmed around each subject. Images are yet another way to get at each subject and to understand their effect on us.
There has not been a biographical project as ambitious as this in a hundred years, not since the Makers of Canada series. And yet every generation understands the past
differently, and so sees in the mirror of these remarkable figures somewhat different lessons.
What strikes me again and again is just how dramatically ethical decisions figured in their lives. They form the backbone of history and memory. Some of these people, Big Bear, for example, or Dumont, or even Lucy Maud Montgomery, thought of themselves as failures by the end of their lives. But the ethical cord that was strung taut through their work has now carried them on to a new meaning and even greater strength, long after their deaths.
Each of these stories is a revelation of the tough choices unusual people must make to find their way. And each of us as readers will find in the desperation of the Chinese revolution, the search for truth in fiction, the political and military dramas, different meanings that strike a personal chord. At first it is that personal emotive link to such figures which draws us in. Then we find they are a key that opens the whole society of their time to us. Then we realize that in that 150-year period many of them knew each other, were friends, opposed each other. Finally, when all these stories are put together, you will see that a whole new debate has been created around Canadian civilization and the shape of our continuous experiment.
David Adams Richards is absolutely right. No Canadian has ever been as powerful on the world scene as Max
Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook. If there was any possibility that a colonial could push an empire around and change its intent, this was it. And God knows Beaverbrook tried. If he saw himself as a failure in the end it can only be because empires can’t be shaped by colonials or outsiders of any sort. To believe they can is part of the delusion of the special relationship. Empires have neither friends nor allies. And they don’t have special relationships. They have power and selfinterest. The trick is to exploit them without getting in their way. Beaverbrook is the example for all time of just how far a colonial can go. But as he would tell you, it just isn’t far enough.
I was not yet fourteen years old when Max Aitken died. I make it clear that what is written here about the actual events in his life are documented in other places—by his biographer A.J.P. Taylor, or his friend Peter Howard in his book
Max the Unknown;
by his biographer Gregory P. Marchildon in his book
Profits and Politics;
by the biographers of Churchill, like Manchester and Jenkins, or Stalin, like Alan Bullock, or by the imp Max himself in his book
My Early Life
. However, this book’s interpretation of these events, both his successes and failures, and why they happened the way they did, is my own.
Beaverbrook