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Schellenberg, Walter.
Invasion 1940: The Nazi Invasion Plan for Britain.
London: St. Ermin’s Press, 2000.

———.
The Labyrinth: Memoirs.
Translated by Louis Hagen. New York: Harper, 1956. Reprint, New York: Perseus/Da Capo, 2000.

Schwarzwäller, Wulf C.
Hitlers Geld: Vom armen Kunstmaler zum millionenschweren Führer.
Vienna: Überreuter, 1998.

Sem, Julius, and Joseph Mayer.
Report on Forgery in Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp.
Czechoslovak Ministry of the Interior, Central Criminal Office, Secret Report No. U-395/45, December 15, 1945. Translated into English and published by Jørgen Sømod, Copenhagen, 1981.

Shirer, William L.
Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941.
New York: Knopf, 1941.

Skidelsky, Robert.
John Maynard Keynes.
Vol. 2,
The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937.
Vol. 3,
Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946.
New York: Viking Penguin, 2000–2001.

Sofsky, Wolfgang.
The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp.
Translated by William Templer. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Speer, Albert.
Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs.
New York: Macmillan, 1970.

Spier, Arthur, comp.
The Comparative Hebrew Calendar. Twentieth to Twenty-second Century, 5660–5860, 1900–2100.
New York and Jerusalem: Feldheim, 1986.

Steinbeck, John.
Steinbeck: A Life in Letters.
Edited by Elaine Steinbeck and Robert Wallsten. New York: Viking, 1975.

Taylor, James, and Warren Shaw.
The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich.
New York: Penguin, 1997.

Tenenbaum, Joseph E.
Legacy and Redemption: A Life Renewed.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Holocaust Museum Holocaust Survivors’ Memoirs Project, 2005.

Thyssen, Fritz.
I Paid Hitler.
New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1941.

Weitz, John.
Hitler’s Banker: Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht.
Boston: Little, Brown, 1997.

West, Nigel.
MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations, 1909–1945.
New York: Random House, 1983.

Wiesenthal, Simon.
Justice, Not Vengeance.
Translated by Ewald Osers. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989.

Wighton, Charles, and Günter Peis.
Hitler’s Spies and Saboteurs: Based on the German Secret Service War Diary of General Lahousan.
New York: Holt, 1958.

Wires, Richard.
The Cicero Spy Affair: German Access to British Secrets in World War II.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999.

J
OURNALS

Allen, Charles R., Jr. “The Vatican and the Nazis: Secret La Vista Report Reveals How Barbie and Other Nazi War Criminals Escaped Justice via ‘Monastery Routes.’”
Reform Judaism
11, no. 2 (1983): 4–5.

Bloom, Murray Teigh. “Uncle Sam: Bashful Counterfeiter.”
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
2, no. 3 (1988): 345–58.

Bower, Peter. “Operation Bernhard: The German Forgery of British Paper Currency in World War II.”
The Exeter Papers: Proceedings of the British Association of Paper Historians Fifth Annual Conference, Hope Hall, University of Exeter, 23–26 September 1994. Studies in British Paper History II
(1994): 43–64. Edited by Peter Bower. London: Plough Press, 2001.

Bradsher, Greg. “A Time to Act: The Beginning of the Fritz Kolbe Story, 1900–1943.”
Prologue,
National Archives and Records Administration, 34, no. 1 (Spring 2002).

Braham, Randolph L. “The Nazi Collaborator with a Jewish Heart: The Strange Saga of Jaac van Harten.”
East European Quarterly
35, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 411–34.

[CIA History Staff]. “Wilhelm Hoettl: International Man of Mystery.”
Bulletin,
Center for the Study of Intelligence, no. 12 (Fall 2001).
www.cia.gov/csi/bulletin/csi12.html#toc8
.

Deflem, Mathieu. “The Logic of Nazification: The Case of the International Criminal Police Commissions (‘Interpol’).”
International Journal of Comparative Sociology
43, no. 1 (2002): 21–44.
www.cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/znazinterpol.htm
.

Friedman, Herbert A. “British Espionage Forgeries of the First World War.”
American Philatelist
87, no. 9 (September 1973).
www.psywarrior.com/BritishForgeriesWWI.html
.

———. “Conversations with a Master Forger.”
Scott’s Monthly Stamp Journal
61, no. 1 (1980).
www.psywar.org/forger.php
.

———. “A WW I British Forgery.”
International Banknote Society Journal
25, no. 4 (1986).

Groom, Nick. “Original Copies; Counterfeit Forgeries.”
Critical Quarterly
43, no. 2 (2001): 6–18.

Kallenborn, J. W. “An International Counterfeiting Champion.”
International Criminal Police Review,
no. 133 (August–September 1957): 209–18.

———. “A Visit to the Interpol Counterfeits and Forgeries Museum.”
International Criminal Police Review,
no. 39 (July 1950): 71–77.

Lengwiler, Yvan. “A Model of Money Counterfeits.”
Journal of Economics (Zeitschrift für Nationalokonomie)
65, no. 2 (1997): 123–32.

Ruffner, Kevin C. “Shifting from Wartime to Peacetime Intelligence Operations: On the Trail of Nazi Counterfeiters (Secret//X1).” Central Intelligence Agency
Studies in Intelligence
48 (2002): 51–53.

P
ERIODICALS

Altig, David E. “Why Is Stable Money Such a Big Deal?”
Economic Commentary,
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, May 1, 2002.

Bank of England.
Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin,
June 1967.

“Das Geheimnis um Prof. Zotow: Banknotenfälscher oder Erfinder eines physikalisch-chemischen Verfahrens zum Schutze der Banknoten gegen Fälschungen?”
Schweizer Illustrierte,
January 12, 1949.

Goldin, Milton. “Financing the SS: Nazi Industry, and Plunder of Jewish Assets, Led by Heinrich Himmler.”
History Today,
June 1, 1998.

International Criminal Police Organization.
Contrefaçons et falsifications.
Paris, [195?].

———.
International Criminal Police Review.
Saint Cloud [France], September 1946.

Kempner, Robert M. W. “The Highest Paid Spy in History.”
Reader’s Digest,
June 1950, reprinted from
Saturday Evening Post,
January 28, 1950.

Kruger [
sic
], Bernhard, as told to Murray Teigh Bloom. “I Was the World’s Greatest Counterfeiter,”
American Weekly,
June 8 and 15, 1958.

Löhde, Wolfgang, and Michael Horbach. “Geld wie Heu.”
Der Stern,
August 8, 1959, 18; August 15, 20; August 22, 18; August 29, 22; September 5, 34; September 12, 48; September 19, 46; September 26, 52; October 3, 64; October 10, 56; October 17, 72; October 24, 74; October 31, 64.

McNally, George J., with Frederic Sondern, Jr. “The Great Nazi Counterfeit Plot.”
Reader’s Digest,
July 1952, 25–31.

Steinbeck, John. “The Secret Weapon We Were AFRAID to Use.”
Collier’s,
January 10, 1953, 9–13.

D
ISSERTATION

Delgado, Arturo Raphael. “Counterfeit Reich: Operation Andrew, Operation Bernhard and SS-SD Finance.” Master’s thesis, Central Missouri State University, 2002.

N
EWSPAPERS

England

Daily Express
(London)

Daily Mail
(London)

Daily Telegraph

Evening Standard
(London)

Financial Times
(London)

International Herald Tribune

The Sunday Times
(London)

The Times
(London)

Germany

Frankfurter Rundschau

Israel

Ha’aretz

Jerusalem Post

Switzerland

National Zeitung

United States

Boston Globe

New York Times

Seattle Times

Washington Evening Star

Washington Post

Washington Times-Herald

I
NTERNET
S
OURCES

Friedman, Herbert A. “British Forgeries of the Stamps and Banknotes of the Central Power.”
www.psywarrior.com/BritishForgeriesWWI.html

“The Greatest Theft in History.” BBC News, December 1, 1997.
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1997/nazi_gold/35981.stm

Heller, Friedrich Paul.
Die Geschäfte von Friedrich Schwend und Klaus Barbie,
2001.
www.idgr.de/texte/geschichte/ns-taeter/barbie/schwend-barbie.php

Holocaust Through Art (forger Leo Haas).
http://art.holocaust-education.net/

ODESSA: Organisation der ehemaligen (oder entlassenen) SS-Angehörigen.
http://lexicon.idgr.de/o/o_d/odessa/odessa.php

Schloss Labers.
www.labers.it/english/home.htm

Friedrich Schwend.
http://lexikon.idgr.de/s/s_c/schwend-friedrich/schwend-friedrich.php

T
ELEVISION
D
OCUMENTARIES

The Great Nazi Cash Swindle.
Channel 4, London, 2004.

“Hitler’s Lake.” Scott Pelley,
60 Minutes II,
CBS, 2000.
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/11/21/60II/main251320.shtml

Tauchfahrt in die Vergangenheit: Der Fluch des Toplitzsees
(Dive into the Past: The Curse of Lake Toplitz). ZDF, Germany, 2003.
http://www.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/16/0,1872,2061456,00.html

A
PPENDIX

T
HE
F
ORGERS OF
O
PERATION
B
ERNHARD

T
he prisoners of Operation Bernhard are usually listed by numbers copied from the Sachsenhausen Register because, even though the copies contain some duplications and omissions, the list gives the best approximation of the order of their arrival. The list in this appendix was created from the entries into the handwritten Mauthausen Register of Inmates as the surviving 137 men of Operation Bernhard were processed into Mauthausen on April 13, 1945. (NARA RG 242, A-3355 Mauthausen, roll 13, p. 841 et seq.). Insofar as it was possible, the names have been reconciled with the typed Mauthausen card index that can be accessed online via the Yad Vashem Central Database of Shoah Victims’ Names (
www.yadvashem.org
). Most of the cards include the names of family members. Variant spellings, especially in Polish, are retained to facilitate online access and therefore may not match names as spelled in the text of this book, which have been taken mainly from memoirs and official Allied reports. Places of birth and residence as well as citizenship are spelled in this appendix as they are found in the Mauthausen Register. Litzmannstadt, for example, was not converted to Łodz; the citizenship is given, as in the Register, as DR
(Deutsches Reich)
rather than Poland.

The Register lists some prisoners from Austria, France, and the Baltic states as “DR” but when areas of these countries have been incorporated into Hitler’s Reich, the original country appears in brackets. Men from Norway and Holland, for example, retain their country of origin. Czechoslovakia had ceased to exist as a nation and was split into the Nazis’ Czech Protectorate and the puppet state of Slovakia, just as Yugoslavia was partly dismembered with a puppet regime of Croatia.

The names of five men do not appear in the Mauthausen Register because the men were executed after becoming ill while at Sachsenhausen. These men are believed to have been: (1) Pjotr/Isaak Sukenik/Sukiennik, a young man from Białystok who contracted tuberculosis and was murdered about February 15, 1945; (2) Jizchok Fingerut; (3) Abraham Kleinfeld of Vienna; (4) Ernest/Arnost Stastny of Brno; and (5) Heinrich Sonnenthal (b. 1920). A sixth man, Herman Gütig, was executed for burning pound notes in Block 18/19. The last prisoner to be executed for illness, Karl Sussman of Vienna, does appear in the Register because he was not murdered until May 1, 1945, two weeks after his registration. Most have calculated 144 as the total number of prisoners who passed through Block 19, but it is likely that Sussman was counted twice, which would make the total 143, although the precise number will probably never be known.

Sachsenhausen number
Mauthausen number
Surname
First name
Birth year
Month/day
Place of birth/residence
Citizenship/nationality
Profession
1
14898
138410
Cytrin
Feiwel [Felix]
1894
5/6
Frankfurt/Leipzig
DR
toolmaker
2
23768
138526
Wilde
Samuel
1919
1/16
Warsaw
Poland
calligrapher
3
43811
138503
Speier
Walther
1893
4/27
Berlin
DR
electrician
4
46674
138480
Plapla [Papler]
Isaak [Jack]
1919
11/11
Grifte / Kassel
stateless
calligrapher
5
46674 [
sic
]
138481
Pick
Alfred
1906
10/12
Domazlice
Czech
dental technician
6
46675
138446
Kohn
Georg
1901
2/3
Reisen Lissa / Alt-Chemnitz
DR [Latvia]
merchant
7
46676
138426
Gottlieb
Ernst
1907
8/28
Wien
DR [Austria]
wallpaperer / upholsterer
8
46678
138482
Perkal
Chaim
1912
3/10
Lomza
Poland
printer
9
46680
138443
Kaufmann
Jaroslav
1901
1/19
Husova
Czech
dentist
10
46681
138450
Krebs
Leo
1910
11/17
Beuthen (Bytom)
DR [Austria]
printer / painter
11
46834
138461
Lewin
Arthur
1888
7/31
Berlin
DR
printer
12
46837
138469
Luka
Richard
1913
10/30
Milan (Italy)/ Prague
Czech
architectural engineer
13
46840
138456
Lauber
Jakob
1906
9/1
Krakow
Poland
draftsman
14
46842
138524
Weissmann
Friedrich
1901
5/11
Plumacz
stateless
typesetter
15
46845
138424
Goldberg
Chias Aron
1909
1/8
Tarnoczeg / Berlin
stateless
bookbinder / printer
16
46848
138519
Tupler
Artur
1890
6/10
Nova Ves / Hodenova
Czech
bricklayer
17
46850
138462
Lewinski
Kurt
1908
3/17
Kulmsee / Berlin
DR
calligrapher
18
46852
138414
Ehrlich
Leib
1905
4/28
Osiek / Warsaw
Poland
printer
19
46853
138453
Kurzweil
Hans
1908
7/1
Wien
DR [Austria]
bookbinder
20
46855
138405
Bober
Hermann Max
1896
5/1
Berlin
DR
printer & typesetter
21
47140
136422
Gecht
Joszip
1918
9/1
Suchumi [Georgia] / Piatakowa
USSR
[unknown]
22
47148
138532
Zessarski[y]
Matej
1914
12/22
Owrutsch / Owrucz
USSR [Poland]
electrical machinist
23
47832
138513
Stein / Skala
Oskar
1902
8/5
Tabor / Klofacova
Czech
paper specialist
24
48854
138514
Steiner
Viktor Karl
1907
8/13
Wien
DR [Austria]
bookbinder
25
51110
138517
Tragholz
Felix
1908
12/1
Wien
DR [Austria]
ceramicist
26
51316
138505
Springer
Artur
1888
3/4
Wien / Belgrade
DR[Austria]
industrialist / paper
27
61113
138402
Blaustein
Max
1904
5/6
Berlin
DR
printer
28
61117
138415
Epsztejn
Lejba
1903
6/18
Paris
Poland
writer / typographer
29
61120
138509
Schnapper
Friedrich [Fritz]
1893
12/18
Frankfurt am Main
DR
printer
30
61125
136423
Glanzer
Isaak / Israel
1899
8/22
Zborov / Nagyvarad
Czech
print shop owner
31
61127
138473
Nachtstern
Moritz
1902
11/11
Warsaw / Oslo
Norway
stereotypist
32
61129
138535
Zymerman
Persc
1919
4/5
Radom
Poland
printer
33
61136
138466
Libermann
Josef
1914
10/20
Piotrkow / Mlawa
Poland
printer
34
61138
138510
Schurek
Chaim
1915
3/10
Straygowo / Mlawa
Poland
[unknown]
35
67175
138530
Zakrzewski
Nachum [Nachim]
1926
1/19
Bialystok
USSR [Poland]
printer
36
67865
138516
Tiefenbach
Severin
1919
3/22
Leslaw / Litzmannstadt
Poland
engraver
37
67866
138436
Italiener
Leib
1915
7/27
Litzmannstadt
Poland
engraver
38
67867
138448
Kosak
Mojsche / Mosjek
1904
5/25
Bialystok
USSR [Poland]
typesetter
39
67868
138439
Jablocznik
Noach
1901
10/18
Litzmannstadt
Poland
printer
40
67869
138533
Zyberski
Leib
1892
7/5
Grajewo / Bialystok
USSR [Poland]
engraver
41
67870
138447
Kosak
Hirsch
1897
12/12
Bialystok
USSR [Poland]
typesetter
42
67871
138485
Rapoport
Towiec
1903
11/12
Litzmannstadt
Poland
printer
43
67873
138413
Edelsburg
Nuchim
1907
4/14
Minsk Mazowiecki / Litzmannstadt
Poland
printer
44
67874
138479
Plac
Chiel
1885
3/12
Belsk / Bialystok
USSR [Poland]
painter
45
68061
138476
Nieft
Horst
1920
5/23
Berlin
DR
decorator
46
68064
138475
Nieft
Gerhard
1917
7/7
Berlin
DR
retailer
47
72515
138425
Goldglas
Jakob
1911
1/22
Warsaw
Poland
lawyer / carpenter
48
73099
138435
Hoffgaard
Sven
1895
9/8
Copenhagen / Hellerup
Denmark
bank officer
49
73351
138463
Lewy [Leonard]
Norbert Wilhelm
1913
3/30
Berlin
DR
photographer
50
75191
138489
Rozencwajg
Jakob
1898
12/22
Praszka / Bendsburg
Poland
office worker
51
75192
138417
Fajerman
Symcha
1915
1/20
Bendsburg
Poland
industrial technician
52
75192 [
sic
]
138432
Hirschweh [Edel]
Peter Hans
1921
7/12
Berlin
DR
painter
53
75193
138430
Hahn
Victor
1899
8/21
Prague
Czech
bank officer
54
75194
138434
Holländer
Feiwel
1908
8/19
Dombrowa / Sosnowitz
Poland
machine-builder
55
75195
138444
Klein
Arthur
1907
4/25
Königsberg / Lubisska
Czech
electrician
56
75196
138525
Werdigier
Szyia
1908
3/4
Sosnowitz
Poland
[unknown]
57
75197
138427
Gottlieb
Moric [Karel]
1917
5/24
Kaschau / Prague
Czech
carpenter
58
75198
138418
Fajman
Icek
1919
3/2
Warthenau / Bendsburg
Poland
tailor
59
75199
138520
Walter
Heinzel Hans
1921
12/14
Berlin
DR
laborer
60
75200
138438
Jakobsen
Abraham
1895
2/8
Amsterdam / Overseen
Netherlands
print shop manager
61
75204
138454
Landau
Paul
1922
8/5
Warsaw
France
carpenter
62
75205
138412
Drechsler
Georg
1913
4/8
Varazdin
Croatia
bookkeeper
63
75206
138399
Ajdels
Bernard
1911
12/26
Radom
Poland
office worker
64
75206 [
sic
]
138408
Burday
Josef
1904
12/21
Talnose
France
tailor
65
75207
138512
Stein
Max
1899
8/22
Wien / Prague
stateless
weaver
66
75208
138471
Markus
Mordke
1909
5/11
Slawkow
Poland
carver
67
75210
138452
Kühnauer
Rudolf Leopold
1906
4/4
Berlin
DR
lithographer
68
75211
138449
Krakowski
Abram
1918
9/9
Katowicz / Sosnowitz
Poland
bookkeeper
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