Hope's Edge: The Next Diet for a Small Planet (52 page)

64.
“Ending the Southwest’s Water Binge,” op. cit.

65.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Farmline
, September 1980.

66.
Milton Moskowitz, Michael Katz, and Robert Levering, eds.,
Everybody’s Business: An Almanac
(Harper and Row, 1980), p. 643.

67.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economics and Statistics Service,
Status of the Family-Farm
, Second Annual Report to the Congress, Agricultural Economic Report No. 434, p. 47.

68.
Ibid. p. 45.

69.
Joseph C. Meisner and V. James Rhodes,
The Changing Structure of U.S. Cattle Feeding
, Special Report 167, Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, November 1974, p. 13.

70.
“Past, Present and Future Resource Allocation to Livestock Production,” in
Animals, Feed, Food and People, An Analysis of the Role of Animals in Food Production
, op. cit.

71.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Statistics, 1979
, pp. 435–38.

Chapter 3. The Meat Mystique

  1.
Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center,
The World Livestock Product, Feedstuff, and Food Grain System: An Analysis and Evaluation of System Interactions Throughout the World
, with Projections to 1985, Winrock, Arkansas, 1981.

  2.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Utilization of Grain for Livestock Feed
, Washington, D.C., May 1, 1980, pp. 4–6.

  3.
Kenneth Bachman and Leonardo Paulino,
Rapid
Growth in Food Production in Selected Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Underlying Trends, 1961–76
, Research Report 11, International Food Policy Research Institute, October 1979, p. 29.

  4.
“Replacing Energy as the Inflation Villain: Agriculture,”
Business Week
, June 1, 1981, p. 71.

  5.
Maurice Brannan, “Trade Patterns,”
Feedstuffs
, September 1, 1980.

  6.
Interview with J. Dawson Ahalt, Chairman, World Food and Agricultural Outlook and Situation Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture, July, 1980.

  7.
For a complete discussion of promotion of agricultural exports by the U.S. government, see
Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity
, by Frances Moore Lappé and Joseph Collins with Cary Fowler (Ballantine Books, 1979), Parts VII and IX.

  8.
C. W. McMillan, “Meat Export Federation to Be Newest Cooperator,”
Foreign Agriculture
13 (May 26, 1975), p. 14.

  9.
Ibid.

10.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Handbook of Agricultural Charts 1980
, pp. 63, 69.

Chapter 4. Democracy at Stake

  1.
General Accounting Office, Report by the Comptroller General of the United States,
An Assessment of Parity as A Tool for Formulating and Evaluating Agricultural Policy
, CED 81–11, October 10, 1980, p. 18.

  2.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Status of the Family Farm
, Second Annual Report to Congress, 1979, p. 3.

  3.
Marvin Duncan, “Farm Real Estate: Who Buys and How,”
Monthly Review of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
(June 1977), p. 5.

  4.
William Lin, George Coffman, and J. B. Penn,
U.S. Farm Numbers, Size and Related Structural Dimensions: Projections to the Year 2000
, Technical Bulletin No. 1625, Economics and Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1980, p. iii.

  5.
Lyle Schertz and others,
Another Revolution in U.S
.
Farming?
, Agricultural Economic Report No. 441, Economics and Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1979, pp. 300 ff.

  6.
Diocesan Coalition to Preserve Family Farms,
Fourteen-County Land Ownership Study 1980
, Diocese of Sioux City, Iowa, 1980.

  7.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
A Time to Choose: Summary Report on the Structure of Agriculture
, Washington, D.C., January 1981. Table 24, p. 58, indicates that 100 percent of the economies of scale are, on average, reached when sales average $133,000. From Table 5, p. 43, one can calculate that roughly 50 percent of sales are from farms above this size.

  8.
Leo V. Mayer,
Farm Income and Farm Structure in the United States
, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Report No. 79–188 S, September 1979, Table 11, p. 31. The lowest per unit costs of production—expenses per dollar of gross farm income—are found on farms with gross sales between $20,000 and $99,999 a year; the highest on farms with sales over $200,000.

  9.
A Time to Choose
, op. cit., p. 56.

10.
Another Revolution in U.S. Farming?
, op. cit., p. 31.

11.
A Time to Choose
, op. cit., pp. 46–47, 144–45.

12.
Ibid.

13.
E. Phillip LeVeen, “Towards a New Food Policy: A Dissenting Perspective,”
Public Interest Economics-West
, April 1981, Berkeley, California, Table 1.

14.
Alfred J. Kahn and Sheila B. Kamerman, “Cross-National Studies of Social Service Systems and Family Policy,” Columbia University, School of Social Work, 622 W. 113th St., New York, N.Y. 10025.

15.
Warren Weaver, “House Unit Finds Aged Getting Poorer,”
New York Times
, May 2, 1981.

16.
National Advisory Council on Economic Opportunity,
Critical Choices for the 1980s
, 12th Report, August 1980, p. 15.

17.
Ibid. pp. 16–17.

18.
Census Bureau figures, as quoted in the
San Francisco Chronicle
of August 21, 1981.

19.
Mike Feinsilber, Philadelphia
Enquirer
, December 24, 1980, quoted by Loretta Schwartz-Nobel,
Starving in the Shadow of Plenty
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1981).

20.
Tom Joe, Cheryl Rogers, and Rick Weissbourd,
The Poor: Profiles of Families in Poverty
, Center for the Study of Welfare Policy, The University of Chicago, Washington office, March 20, 1981, p. iii.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Robert Greenstein, Director on Food Assistance and Poverty (former administrator of the Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture), statement before the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, April 2, 1981.

23.
Interview with Robert Greenstein, May 30, 1981.

24.
Nick Kotz,
Hunger in America: The Federal Response
, The Field Foundation, 100 East 85th Street, New York, N.Y. 10028, p. 13.

25.
Interview with Dr. Livingston by research assistant Sandy Fritz, May 1981.

26.
President’s Commission for a National Agenda for the Eighties,
Government and the Advancement of Social Justice, Health, Welfare, Education and Civil Rights in the Eighties
, Washington, D.C., 1980, p. 33.

27.
M. E. Wegman,
Pediatrics
, December 1980, p. 832.

28.
Ibid.

29.
Statistical Abstract
, 1978.

30.
“Infant Mortality Highest in U.S. Capital,”
New York Times
, December 13, 1981.

31.
Starving in the Shadow of Plenty
, op. cit.

32.
Hunger in America
, op. cit.

33.
Robert Greenstein, testimony (see note 22).

34.
Access to Food: A Special Problem for Low-Income Americans
, Community Nutrition Institute, Washington, D.C., April 1, 1979, p. 17.

35.
Interview with Nancy Amidei of the Food Research and Action Center, December 1981.

36.
Greenstein, testimony, and Gar Alperovits and Feff Faux, “Controls and the Basic Necessities,”
Challenge
, May-June 1980.

37.
“Poverty Rate on Rise Even Before Recession,”
The New York Times
, February 20, 1982.

38.
Dietary Goals for the United States
, Second Edition, prepared by the staff of the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, U.S. Senate, December 1977, reproduced by the Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, March 31, 1978, p. xxxi.

Chapter 5. Asking the Right Questions

  1.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Food Consumption, Prices and Expenditures
, Economics and Statistics Service, Statistical Bulletin No. 656, February 1981, pp. 4–5.

  2.
Wall Street Journal
, May 8, 1981.

PART III.
DIET FOR A SMALL PLANET REVISITED

Chapter 1. America’s Experimental Diet

  1.
Patricia Hausman,
Jack Sprat’s Legacy:
The
Science and Politics of Fat and Cholesterol
, Center for Science in the Public Interest (Richard Marek Publishers, 1981), p. 97.

  2.
Dietary Goals for the United States
, Second Edition, prepared by the staff of the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, United States Senate, December 1977, reproduced by the Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, March 31, 1978, p. xxviii. See also W. Haenszel and M. Kurihara, “Studies of Japanese Immigrants,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
, vol. 40, 1968, p. 43.

  3.
M. Hindhede, “The Effect of Food Restriction During War on Mortality in Copenhagen,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
, vol. 74, no. 6 (February 7, 1920), p. 381, cited by Keith Akers,
Vegetarianism
(forthcoming). See also H. D. McGill, Jr., “Appraisal of Dietary Fat as a Causative Factor in Atherogenesis,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
, vol. 32, 1979, pp. 2637–43.

  4.
Erik Eckholm and Frank Record, “The Affluent Diet: A Worldwide Health Hazard,” in
Sourcebook on Food and Nutrition
, First Edition, Dr. Loannis S. Scarpa and Dr. Helen Chilton Kiefer, editors, Marguis Academic Media, 100 East Ohio St., Chicago, Ill. 60611, p. 20.

  5.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
, vol. 77, July 1980, p. 66.

  6.
Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson,
The Changing American Diet
, Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1744 S St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20009, pp. 64–65.

  7.
Ibid. pp. 35, 43.

  8.
Dietary Goals
, op. cit., p. xl.

  9.
Lindsay H. Allen et al., “Protein-induced Hypercalciuria: a Longer Term Study,”
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
, vol. 32, April 1979, pp. 741–49; and
Journal of Dental Research
, vol. 60, 1971, p. 485.

10.
Jack Sprat’s Legacy
, op. cit., pp. 58–59.

11.
Dietary Goals
, op. cit., p. xxx.

12.
Jack Sprat’s Legacy
, op. cit., pp. 105–106.

13.
Ibid. p. 59, and
Clinical and Developmental Hypertension
, vol. 3, no. 1, 1981, pp. 27–28.

14.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., p. 22.

15.
Charles Frederick Church and Helen Nichols Church,
Food Values of Portions Commonly Used
, Tenth Edition, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1975.

16.
Dietary Goals
, op. cit., p. 46.

17.
Jane Brody,
Jane Brody’s Nutrition Book
(W. W. Norton, 1981), p. 397.

18.
Dietary Goals
, op. cit., p. 46.

19.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., p. 46, and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economics and Statistics Service,
Food Consumption, Prices and Expenditures
, Statistical Bulletin No. 656, February 1981, p. 2.