Handbook on Sexual Violence (55 page)

Further reading

For general reading on prostitution Sanders, T., O’Neill. M. and Pitcher, J. (2009)
Prostitution: sex work, policy and politics
. London: Sage provides a good introductory level book which covers a range of different issues. Over the past 15 years, there have been a number of high quality research monographs published on people’s experiences of prostitution. They are:

O’Connell Davidson, J. (1988)
Prostitution, Power and Freedom
. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

O’Neill, M. (2001)
Prostitution and Feminism
. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Phoenix, J. (2001)
Making Sense of Prostitution
. London: Palgrave.

Sanders, T. (2005)
Sex Work: A Risky Business
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Sanders, T. (2009)
Paying for Pleasure: Men Who Buy Sex
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

There is a growing literature on the sexual exploitation of children.

Melrose, M., Barrett, D. and Brodie, I. (1999)
One Way Street? Retrospectives on Childhood Prostitution
. London: The Children Society provides a good introduction.

For more contemporary research, please see Pearce, J.J., Williams, M. and Galvin, C. (2002)
It’s Someone Taking a Part of You
. London: National Children’s Bureau.

Pearce, J. J. (2009)
Young People and Sexual Exploitation
. London: Routledge.

For commentaries and discussion about legal reform and policy please see: Kinnell, H. (2010)
Violence and Sex Work
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Matthews, R. (2008)
Prostitution, Politics and Policy
. London: Taylor and Francis.

Phoenix, J. (ed) (2010)
Regulating Sex for Sale: Prostitution Policy Reform in the UK
. Bristol: Policy Press.

Self, H. (2003)
Prostitution, Women and the Misuse of Law: the Fallen Daughters of Eve
.

London: Frank Cass.

Hardy, K., Sanders, T. and Kingston, S. (eds) (2010)
New Sociologies of Sex Work
.

London: Ashgate.

Munro, V. and della Giusta, M. (eds) (2008)
Demanding Sex: Critical Reflections on the Regulations of Prostitution
. London: Ashgate.

Bernstein, E. (2007)
Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity and the Commerce of Sex
.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Weitzer, R. (2010)
Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry
. London: Taylor and Francis.

Notes

1. The tale told in recent studies is not fundamentally dissimilar to the narratives told in research about involvement in prostitution for the previous two centuries (see also Phoenix 2001 and 2009). Involvement in prostitution is dominated by women, women whose lives are marked by poverty, homelessness, alcohol and drug problems, complex social and personal welfare difficulties and so on. It is largely men who purchase sex. Those women and young people whose lives are less socially and economically secure tend to get involved in the more marginalised and dangerous forms of prostitution, such as street work.
   

2. At this stage in the discussion, it is helpful to adopt the term ‘sexual victimisation’ as opposed to sexual violence. The term ‘victimisation’ is used in order to draw a conceptual break between the behaviours that are being discussed (i.e. rape, sexual assault, assault, harassment and so on) and how they are analytically understood. To do this does not deny the very real and visceral experiences of victimisation, but it does facilitate the questioning of how these experiences are made sense of by criminologists and sociologists and, more, it permits a deeper critical understanding of the concept of sexual violence.
   

References

Attwood, F. (2006) ‘Sexed up: theorising the sexualisation of culture’,
Sexualities
, 9(1): 77–94.

Bauman, Z. (1998)
Work, Consumerism and the New Poor
. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press.

Bauman, Z. (2003)
Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds
. Cambridge: Polity Press. Becker, H. (1969)
Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance
. London: Macmillan.

Bernstein, E. (2001) ‘The meaning of the purchase: desire, demand and the commerce

of sex’,
Ethnography
, 2(3): 389–420.

Butler, J. (1993)
Bodies That Matter: The Discursive Limits to Sex
. London: Routledge. Butler, J. (2004)
Undoing Gender
. London: Routledge.

Butler, J. (2006)
Gender Trouble
. London: Routledge.

Campbell, R. and O’Neill, M. (2006)
Sex Work Now
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Church, S., Henderson, M. Barnard, M. and G. Hart (2001) ‘Violence by clients towards female prostitutes in different work settings: questionnaire survey’,
BMJ
, 322: 524.

Day, S. and Ward, H. (2001) ‘Violence towards female prostitutes’,
BMJ,
323: 7306.

Department of Children and Family Services (2009)
Safeguarding Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation
. London: The Stationery Office.

Department of Health/Home Office (2000)
Safeguarding Children in Prostitution
. London: The Stationery Office.

Eaves (2008) Eaves Information Sheet –
Prostitution, Eaves4Women
. London. Available

at: http://www.eaves4women.co.uk/Documents/Factsheets/Prostitution%20fact sheet.pdf

Giddens, A. (1992)
The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies
. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Harding, S. (1986) ‘The instability of the analytical categories of feminist theory’,
Signs
, 11(4).

Harding, S. (ed.) (1987)
Feminism and Methodology
. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Hester, M. and Westmarland, N. (2004)
Tackling Street Prostitution: Towards an Holistic Approach?
London: HMSO.

Home Office (2004b)
Paying the Price
. London: The Stationery Office.

Home Office (2006)
A Coordinated Strategy on Prostitution
. London: The Stationery Office.

Jaggar, A. and Bordo, S. (eds) (1989)
Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing
. New York: Rutgers University Press.

Kelly, L. (1987, 2002) ‘The continuum of sexual violence’, reprinted in K. Plummer (2002)
Sexualities: Some Elements For an Account of the Social Organization of Sexualities
. London: Taylor and Francis.

Kelly, L. (1988)
Surviving Sexual Violence
. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Kinnell, H. (2006) ‘Murder made easy: the final solution to prostitution’, in R. Campbell and M. O’Neill,
Sex Work Now
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Kinnell, H. (2010)
Violence and Sex Work in Britain
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

McKeganey, N. and Barnard, M. (1996) S
ex Work on the Streets: Prostitutes and Their Clients
. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press.

McNair, B. (2002)
Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratization of Desire
. London and New York: Routledge.

Melrose, M. (2009) ‘Out on the streets and out of control: drug using sex workers and

prostitution policy’, in J. Phoenix (ed.)
Regulating Sex for Sale
. Bristol: Policy Press. Munro, V. and M. della Giusta (eds) (2008)
Demanding Sex: Critical Reflections on the

Regulation of Prostitution
. Aldershot: Ashgate

Nicholson, L. (ed.) (1989)
Feminism/Postmodernism
. London: Routledge.

O’Connell Davidson, J. (1998)
Prostitution, Power and Freedom
. Oxford: Polity.

O’Connell Davidson, J. (2006) ‘Will the real sex slave please stand up?’,
Feminist Review
, 83, 4–22.

O’Connell Davidson, J. and Layder, D. (1994)
Methods, Sex and Madness
. London: Routledge.

O’Neill, M. (2001)
Prostitution and Feminism
. Cambridge: Polity Press.

O’Neill, M. (2008) ‘Sex, violence and work services to sex workers and public policy reform’, in G. Letherby, P. Birch, M. Cain and K. Williams (eds)
Sex and Crime
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Phoenix, J. (2001)
Making Sense of Prostitution
. London: Palgrave.

Phoenix, J. (2002a) ‘In the name of protection: youth prostitution policy reforms in England and Wales’,
Critical Social Policy
, 22(2): 353–75.

Phoenix, J. (2002b) ‘Youth prostitution policy reform: new discourse, same old story’, in

P. Carlen (ed.)
Women and Punishment: the struggle for justice
. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

Phoenix, J. (2006) ‘Regulating prostitution; controlling women’s lives’, in F.

Heidensohn (ed.)
Gender and Justice: New Concepts and Approaches
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 76–95.

Phoenix, J. (2008a) ‘Be helped or else! Economic exploitation, male violence and

prostitution policy in the UK’, in F. Munro and M. della Giusta, (eds)
Demanding Sex: Critical Reflections on the Regulation of Prostitution
. London: Ashgate.

Phoenix, J. (2008b) ‘Reinventing the wheel: contemporary contours of prostitution regulation’, in G. Letherby, J. Williams, P. Birch and M. Cain (eds)
Sex as Crime
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 27–46.

Phoenix, J. (2009)
Regulating Sex for Sale: Prostitution Policy Reform in England and Wales
.

Bristol: Policy Press.

Phoenix, J. and Sanders, T. (2010) ‘Prostitution policies in the UK’, presented to ESF Exploratory Workshop
Exploring and Comparing Prostitution Regimes in Europe
, 15–17 September, Birkbeck, University of London.

Plummer, K. (2003) ‘Introduction, representing sexualities in the media’,
Sexualities
6 (3–4): 275–6.

Prasad, Monica (1999) ‘The morality of market exchange: love, money and contractual

justice’,
Sociological Perspectives
, 42(2): 181–215.

Sanders, T. (2008)
Paying for Pleasure: Men Who Buy Sex
. Cullompton: Willan Publishing. Sanders. T. and Scoular, J. (eds) (2010)
Regulating Sex/Work: From Crime Control to Neo-

liberal Regulation
. London: Wiley Blackwell.

Scoular, J. (2009)
The Subject of Prostitution: Sex/work, Law and Social Theory
. London: Glasshouse Press.

Scoular, J and O’Neill, M. (2007) ‘Regulating prostitution: social inclusion,

responsibilisation and the politics of prostitution reform’,
British Journal of Criminology
, 47(5) 764–78.

Wagenaar, H. (2010) ‘Discussion and comments’ presented to ESF Exploratory

Workshop
Exploring and Comparing Prostitution Regimes in Europe
, 15–17 September, Birkbeck, University of London.

Chapter 11
‌

Practitioner commentary: treating the perpetrators of sexual violence -- an applied response

Ruth E. Mann

Meet Ruth Mann

Dr Ruth Mann is a Chartered Forensic Psychologist employed by the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) – an agency of the Ministry of Justice. Ruth has responsibility for the treatment of convicted sexual offenders serving sentences in custody or the community, including programme design and evaluation, staff training, and operational policy. Ruth has been involved in the treatment of sexual offending for over 20 years and has published and presented widely on this topic. Her particular research interests include the identification of evidence-based treatment targets and methods, the role of cognition in sexual offending, the validation of assessment methodologies, and the relationship between psychological, social and biological factors in sexual offending.

Introduction

This
chapter provides a commentary on the theory chapters in the Handbook, exploring their relevance to policy and practice in the treatment of those convicted for sexual violence. In order to evaluate the contribution of some of the ideas expressed I have particularly considered them in the light of two issues which currently occupy the minds of those who are responsible for the management and treatment of perpetrators. First, to what extent do the ideas presented in the theory chapters enable practitioners to be clearer about the overlap and differences between punishment, rehabilitation and correctional quackery? There have been some powerful debates in the recent literature over the punitive nature of interventions for offenders (e.g. Glaser 2010;