Experiment Eleven (39 page)

74
“
all
infectious diseases”
J. D. Ratcliff, “Keep Your Eye on Streptomycin,”
Liberty Magazine
, June 30, 1945, 24–25 and 72.

75
“Passaic Youth”
Edward Reardon, “Passaic Youth Discovers Drug That May Stamp Out Dread TB,”
Passaic Herald-News
, July 2, 1945, 1.

76
“Magic Germ Killer”
Mona Gardner, “Magic Germ Killer,”
Collier's
, August 18, 1945, 23–25.

76
thirteen-page review
Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz, “A Review: Streptomycin,”
Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association
6, no. 11 (1945): 308–21.

76
atomic bomb
“Ten Important Science Developments of Year,”
Science Newsletter
, December 22, 1945, 396.

78
“things began to happen”
Selman Waksman, deposition,
Schatz v. Waksman
, Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Docket C-1261-49, March 25, 1950, 128.

78
“began to feel uneasy”
Frank Ryan,
Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told
(Bromsgrove, UK: Swift, 1992), 204.

78
“all improvements”
A. S. Johnson to Russell Watson, February 1, 1946, RREF.

79
replaced with “20”
A. S. Johnson, draft agreement between Selman Waksman and Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation, March 8, 1946, RREF.

79
“Think it over”
Jerome Eisenberg, notes on interview with Albert Schatz, February 13, 1950, AS, box 4, 38.

79
“kill job chances”
Jerome Eisenberg, chronology, 1950, MW.

80
omission of two key papers
J. J. Martin to Robert Strong, April 30, 1946, SAW, box 14, 3.

80
contacted Waksman
Robert Strong to Selman Waksman, May 23, 1946, SAW, box 14, 1.

81
“a footnote in the paper”
Selman Waksman to Robert Strong, May 31, 1946, SAW, box 14, 1.

82
Schatz explained
Albert Schatz to Howard Huber, May 21, 1946, SAW, box 14, 3.

82
at the company's request
Selman Waksman to J. F. Gerkens, May 5 or 7 (two dates are given on separate pages), 1946, SAW, box 14, 2.

83
“confidentially”
Doris Jones, deposition,
Schatz v. Waksman
, Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Docket C-1261-49, September 26, 1950, 452. Also in D. Ralston, “A Glimpse at the Discovery of Streptomycin,” circa 1960, 1, AS.

83
senior bacteriologist
Harold Lyall to Selman Waksman, April 2, 1946, SAW, box 14, 8.

84
“has a mature judgment”
Selman Waksman to Harold Lyall, April 4, 1946, SAW, box 14, 8.

84
“became incensed”
Albert Schatz to Peter Lawrence and Veronique Mistiaen, undated 2002.

84
“Schatz claim”
Russell Watson to A. S. Johnson, December 30, 1947, RREF.

84
“no matter how small”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, May 21, 1946, SAW, box 14, 4.

86
sudden rise of infectious diseases
Thomas Parran, “The Control of Tuberculosis in the Americas,”
Public Health Reports (1896–1970
) 62, 63, Tuberculosis Control issue, no. 16 (June 6, 1947): 827—833.

87
black market
The market became the subject of popular fiction, notably Graham Greene's
The Third Man
, which also became a movie.

87
“in their pockets”
P. D'Arcy Hart to A. Landsborough Thomson, July 15, 1946, PRO, Streptomycin, FD 1/6751.

87
“well-known to this embassy”
Lord Halifax to Ernest Bevin, February 16, 1946, PRO, Streptomycin, FD 1/6751.

87
increasingly troubled by the desperate calls
A. N. Richards to Sir Edward Melanby, April 13, 1946, PRO, FD 1/6751.

88
“early optimism”
Our Medical Correspondent, “Guarded Optimism,”
Times
(London), October 2, 1946.

88
British press
“Name Is Kept Secret in Drug SOS,”
Daily Express
(London), November 20, 1946.

88
“really any justification”
Streptomycin PRO, MH 58/636.

89
black market for streptomycin
Washington Star
, April 16, 1946.

89
Porton scientists
D. Herbert, Porton Biological Defence Report, no. 54, “Streptomycin in the Treatment of Experimental ‘L' Infections,” September 20, 1945, PRO, DEFE 55/156.

90
“hit-and-miss”
Sir Jack Drummond to Selman Waksman, February 4, 1947, SAW, Streptomycin (British correspondence), box 6, 1.

90
Watching the test
Donald Johnstone, author interview, April 16, 2011.

92
“Scientist Tells”
“Scientist Tells of New Drug,”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
, May 17, 1947.

92
“embarrass the rest of the world”
Johnstone, author interview, April 16, 2011.

92
“something new and better”
“Discoverer of New ‘Wonder Drug Blasts Fantastic Rumors About It,”
Newark Star-Ledger
, May 26, 1947.

93
“sense of regret”
Robert Clothier to Albert Schatz, June 24, 1946, RREF, box 1, 13.

93
“most brilliant student”
Elizabeth Clark to Vivian Schatz, September 25, 1947, AS personal archive.

93
“a triumph for the drug's discoverer”
Time
, September 16, 1946.

94
“sole credibility”
New Jersey Journal of Pharmacy
, June 1946, AS, box 6.

94
photograph
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, November 26, 1946, and Selman Waksman to Albert Schatz, November 29, 1946, SAW, box 14, 4.

94
“better get used to it”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, February 3, 1947, SAW, box 14, 4.

95
“determined effort”
Richard Baldwin,
The Fungus Fighters
(Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1981), 66.

95
lacking enough egg incubators
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, February 20, 1947, SAW, box 14, 4.

95
“about a year”
Selman Waksman to Albert Schatz, February 4, 1947, SAW, box 14, 4.

96
“grow lopsided”
Albert Schatz to Doris Jones, July 24, 1946, SAW, box 14, 4.

96
Robeson could sing
Photo of Robeson at Livingston Junior High School, Albany, New York, United Press International, May 11, 1947.

97
“12 good eggs”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, February 20, 1947, SAW, box 14, 4.

97
“Nothing in science”
“The History of Streptomycin,”
New York Association of Public Health Laboratories
26 (1946): 68, MW.

99
world's largest penicillin maker
“Merck,”
Fortune
(June 1946): 106–11.

99
all except staphylococcus
“Streptomycin,”
Life
(February 4, 1946): 57, medicine section.

100
sixteen dollars a gram
“Medicine: Streptomycin Wonders,”
Time
(September 16, 1946).

100
proved to be a dud
Jane Stafford, “Is Streptomycin the Atom Bomb in the TB War?”
New York World-Telegram
(February 19, 1947).

100
Waksman's 20 percent
Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation, minutes, January 16, 1948, RREF.

100
check for five hundred dollars
Jerome Eisenberg, chronology, 1950, MW.

101
“and profit considerably”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, January 25, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

101
“anything I want to”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, February 20, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

101
“Peregrinations”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, January 31, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

102
electrifying teacher
Susan Spath, “Van Niel's Course in General Microbiology,”
ASM News
70, no. 8 (2004): 359–63.

102
“a special recommendation”
Selman Waksman to Albert Schatz, February 3, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

103
“world famed scientist”
Edward Robert Isaacs, Rutgers News Service, April 14, 1948.

103
“Winner Takes Life”
Bernard Victor Dryer, “Winner Takes Life,” a
Cavalcade of America
radio program prepared and produced by Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborne, Inc., for E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., February 1948, LOC.

104
offered additional support
Selman Waksman to Albert Schatz, June 2, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

104
“to impose further”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, September 7, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

104
“rich as Croesus”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, September 19, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

105
“most important experiment”
Albert Schatz to Selman Waksman, November 22, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

105
“pretty tired of hearing about it”
Ritch Lovejoy, Round and About,
Monterey Peninsula Herald
, November 3, 1948.

106
“delighted indeed”
Selman Waksman to Albert Schatz, October 14, 1948, SAW, box 14, 4.

107
“streptomycin and process of preparation”
Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz patent application no. 577,136, February 9, 1945, U.S. Patent no. 2,449,866, granted September 21, 1948, U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C.

108
“ten patents that shaped the world”
Stacy Jones, “Ten Patents That Shaped the World,”
New York Times Magazine
, September 17, 1961.

108
poorly stocked medicine chest
Peter Temin,
Taking Your Medicine: Drug Regulation in the United States
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 59.

109
“products of nature”
Richard Seth Epstein, “The Isolation and Purification Exception to the General Unpatentability of Products of Nature,”
Columbia Science and Technology Review,
January 15, 2003.

109
adrenal glands
Joan Bennett, “Adrenaline and Cherry Trees,”
Modern Drug Discovery
4, no. 12 (2001): 47–48, 51.

110
“good ground for a patent”
Jon Harkness, “Dicta on Adrenalin(e): Myriad Problems with Learned Hand's Product-of-Nature Pronouncements in Parke, Davis v. Mulford's,” 44,
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1881193
.

110
“cannot be claimed per se”
Selman Waksman and Boyd Woodruff, U.S. Patent Application, October 2, 1941, no. 413,324, granted June 19, 1945, no. 2378876. See also
Marcus v. Waksman et al.
, SAW, box 16, 2.

110
“lingering doubt”
Selman Waksman, amendment, May 17, 1945, to patent application no. 413,424, October 2, 1941.

111
“failed to detect it”
Selman Waksman, response to patent examiner's objections, June 5, 1946, in patent application no. 577,136, February 9, 1945.

111
“many pathogens can grow”
Selman Waksman,
Microbial Antagonisms and Antibiotic Substances
(New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1945), 15.