Crimes and Mercies (46 page)

Russell, Bertrand,
36

Russell, Richard B., Jr,
32

Russia, see USSR

Sack, John,
105

Sakhalin Island,
65–6
,
167

Saturday Night,
192
,
195

Save the Children Fund,
155

Scharf, Hanns,
44–6

Schenck, Ernst-Günther,
199

Schlabrendorf, Fabian von,
130

Schleswig-Holstein,
119
,
156–7

Schmidt, Kurt,
100

Schmitt, Paul,
44

Schmitt, Otto,
45

school feeding programme,
156–7

Schulz, Martha, see Kent, Martha

scientists, Nazi,
131

Second World War: perceptions of,
173–4
; and West’s alliance with USSR,
17–25
,
70
,
126–7
,
132
,
169

Select Committee on Estimates (UK),
145–6

self-determination, principle of,
94

Sellner, William,
46

Seyss-Inquart, Arthur,
87

SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force),
47
,
55
,
78
,
146
shipping,
30
,
31
,
88
,
140
; crews,
116

Siegfriedt, Frederick,
47–9

Silesia,
94
,
98
,
100–1
,
106
,
112
,
199
;
see also Poland

slave labour,
92
; in France,
58
; in Poland,
103
,
112
; in USSR,
63
,
65–7
,
102
,
113

Smith, Arthur L., Jr,
208

Smith, Fred,
25–6

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander,
62
,
63
,
68
,
106
,
184

Soviet Union, see USSR

Soviet zone of Germany: and agriculture,
203
; death rates,
110
,
188
; starvation in,
90

spies: author and,
193–4
; conversion of Soviet prisoners into,
67
; ex-Nazis as,
131

Spietz, Herr and Frau Wolfgang,
49–50

Spira, Agnes,
44
,
46

Stalin, Joseph,
22
,
23
,
28
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
72
,
131
,
162
,
206
; persecution of Mennonites,
161
; policy on prisoners,
65
; and Polish territory,
20
,
94
; wartime public image,
18
,
19

Stalingrad,
63–4

starvation: in British zone,
32–4
,
35
,
90
,
93
; in French zone,
35
,
90
,
167
; in Germany,
32–6
,
89–93
,
143–69
; in Soviet zone,
90
; in US zone,
90
;
see also food rations; food relief
programmes; food supplies; Morgenthau Plan

statistics: additions to population,
187
; death rate totals,
185–7
,
201–4
; discrepancies,
56–7
,
107–25
; fate of expellees,
189–91
; French,
57–8
,
109
,
112–13
; German civilian death rates,
188–9
,
204
; individual towns,
198–201
; OMGUS,
108
,
109–12
,
117
,
119
; omission of prisoners from censuses,
209–11
; post-war surveys,
207–9
; reasons for secrecy,
125–8
; sources,
187
,
201
,
204–6
; Soviet,
69–74
,
75
,
79–83
,
84
,
117
,
205–6
; surveys of missing persons,
74–5
,
76–7
,
207–9
; see also death rates

Statistisches Bundesamt,
108
,
111
,
116
,
118
,
119
,
198
,
200
,
204
,
209

Stauffenberg, Claus von,
133

Stettinius, Edward,
36

Stimson, Henry L.,
12
,
28
,
137

Stolper, Gustav,
107
,
108
,
110
,
113
,
114
,
201
,
210

Strahov stadium,
99–100

Sudetenland,
94
,
98
; see also Czechoslovakia

Sweden, aid from,
150
,
155
,
157

Switzerland, aid from,
154
,
155
,
157

TB, see tuberculosis

theft of goods,
149

Thirty Years’ War,
127

Thomaswaldau,
113

Thompson, Dorothy,
20
,
126
,
190

Tolstoy, Nikolai,
73
,
197

totalitarianism,
2
,
20
,
170–1

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
7

Treaty of Versailles,
10
,
18
,
128

Treitschke, Heinrich von,
127

Truman, Harry S.,
130
,
141
; arranges investigation into camps,
111
; enlists Hoover’s help,
36
,
37
,
111–12
,
136
,
137–8
,
143–4
; keeps German prisoners in USA,
59
; lifts US price controls,
140
; and Marshall Plan,
162
; and reparations,
163
; response to protests about famine,
31–2
,
36–7

tuberculosis,
33
,
57
,
142
,
202

typhus,
112

Ukraine,
23

unconditional surrender, principle of,
174

United Kingdom, see Britain

United Nations,
24
,
132
,
176
,
178
; and Human Rights,
173
,
177–8
; statistics,
116
; Third Committee,
75–6
; World Food Appraisal report (1946),
146

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration,
31
,
37
,
133
,
137–8
,
149
,
160

United States of America, see USA

UNRRA, see United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

US Army: Adsec (Advance Section),
56
; destruction of records,
208
; 50th Field Hospital Detachment,
52
; 560th Ambulance Company,
50
; handover of camps to French,
54–5
,
56
,
57
; Medical Officer,
119
; obstructs relief efforts,
157–8
; 106th Division,
51
,
52–3
,
54
,
55
; PW and DEF reports,
56
; starvation of prisoners policy,
40–52

US Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations,
146

US Public Health officers,
35

US Senate: ignorance of US camps,
59–60
; opposition to Morgenthau Plan,
30–2
,
37–8
,
59

US State Department: opposition to Hoover,
134
,
144
; ‘Outline of Factors Determining Russia’s Interest in American Credits’,
24
; and reparations,
164

US zone of Germany: death rates,
108
,
109–12
,
118
,
119
,
209–11
; food relief in,
153–4
,
156
; starvation in,
90–1
; see also OMGUS

USA: aid to Britain,
21
,
22
; aid to USSR,
23
,
132
; alliance with USSR,
19–21
,
22–5
; and disputed prisoner figures,
78
; food consumption,
145
; and food relief,
135–44
; food surpluses,
139
,
141
,
142–3
,
146
; forced labour in,
58
; military power in 1945,
24
; modern economy,
170
; and Nazi scientists,
131
; prison population,
171
; sympathy with Poland,
22
; threat from USSR,
23

USSR: accuracy of prisoner records,
79–83
,
84
,
117
; accusations of Allies against,
75–8
,
82–3
; archives,
69–74
,
75
,
79–83
,
84
,
117
,
205–6
; conflicts with Britain,
21
; co-operation with Hitler,
18
; enforced repatriations to,
20
,
72–3
,
132
,
133
; expansionism,
169
; expulsions policy,
123
,
150
; and First World War,
7–9
,
12–13
; Hitler’s attack on,
18
; and Katyn massacre,
71–2
,
128
,
133
; need for Western aid,
23
; and Poland,
17
,
18
,
20
,
21
,
23
,
63
,
94
,
133
; and reeducation,
63
,
67
,
130
; and reparations,
166
; threat to USA,
23
; uprisings against,
23
; West’s alliance with,
17–25
,
70
,
126–7
,
132
,
169
; see also Gulag; Red Army; Soviet zone of Germany

Vienna,
118
,
199

Vogel, Karl,
91

Volkogonov, Dmitri,
70

Vorkuta Gulag,
63

Walker, E. B.,
60

war crimes, post-1945,
171

Weimar Republic, see Germany: Weimar Republic

Weizsäcker, Ernst von,
130

Wemyss, Rosslyn,
13

wheat,
140–1
,
146
,
147
,
150
,
169–70

Wheeler-Bennett, John W.,
131

Wherry, Kenneth,
31–2
,
37
,
126
,
158

White Russians,
20
,
72–3
,
133

Willis, F. Roy,
35

Wilson, Woodrow,
7
,
11
,
12
,
14
,
15
,
25
,
174
; ‘
14
Points’,
7
,
11

Yalta Conference,
27
,
73

Yates, Jane,
60

Yeltsin, Boris,
73
,
83

Zacher, Jakob M.,
49

Zentralausschuß zur Verteilung ausländischer Liebesgaben,
151

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Crimes and Mercies
.

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On the cover: American soldier guarding a camp near Remagen (April 1945).
National Archives photo no. 111-SC-204919
Cover design by Adam Swica

Revised Edition, First Printing: 2007

The publisher gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts; the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program; and the Province of British Columbia through the British Columbia Arts Council and the Book Publishing Tax Credit for our publishing activities.

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Crimes and Mercies: The Fate of German Civilians Under Allied Occupation,
1944–1950
was originally published by Little, Brown: Great Britain, 1997.

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ISBN 978-0-88922-769-9