Read Conceived in Liberty Online

Authors: Murray N. Rothbard

Conceived in Liberty

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CONTENTS

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I

COPYRIGHT

DEDICATION

EPIGRAPH

CONTENTS

PREFACE

PART I Europe, England, and the New World

1. Europe at the Dawn of the Modern Era

2. New World, New Land

PART II The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century

3. The Virginia Company

4. From Company to Royal Colony

5. The Social Structure of Virginia: Planters and Farmers

6. The Social Structure of Virginia: Bondservants and Slaves

7. Religion in Virginia

8. The Royal Government of Virginia

9. British Mercantilism over Virginia

10. Relations with the Indians

11. Bacon’s Rebellion

12. Maryland

13. The Carolinas

14. The Aftermath of Bacon’s Rebellion in the Other Southern Colonies

15. The Glorious Revolution and its Aftermath

16. Virginia After Bacon’s Rebellion

PART III The Founding of New England

17. The Religious Factor

18. The Founding of Plymouth Colony

19. The Founding of Massachusetts Bay

20. The Puritans “Purify”: Theocracy in Massachusetts

21. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Roger Williams

22. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Anne Hutchinson

23. The Further Settlement of Rhode Island: The Odyssey of Samuell Gorton

24. Rhode Island in the 1650s: Roger Williams’ Shift from Liberty

25. The Planting of Connecticut

26. The Seizure of Northern New England

27. Joint Action in New England: The Pequot War

28. The New England Confederation

29. Suppressing Heresy: Massachusetts Persecutes the Quakers

30. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy: Disintegration of the Fur Monopoly

31. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy: The Failure of Wage and Price Control

32. Mercantilism, Merchants, and “Class Conflict”

33. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy. The Failure of Subsidized Production

34. The Rise of the Fisheries and the Merchants

35. Theocracy Begins to Wither: The Half-Way Covenant

36. The Decline and the Rigors of Plymouth

37. The Restoration Crisis in New England

PART IV The Rise and Fall of New Netherland

38. The Formation of New Netherland

39. Governors and Government

40. The Dutch and New Sweden

41. New Netherland Persecutes the Quakers

42. The Fall and Breakup of New Netherland

PART V The Northern Colonies in the Last Quarter of the Seventeenth Century

43. The Northern Colonies, 1666-1675

44. The Beginning of Andros’ Rule in New York

45. Further Decline of the Massachusetts Theocracy

46. King Philip’s War

47. The Crown Begins the Takeover of New England, 1676-1679

48. The Crown Takes over New Hampshire, 1680-1685

49. Edward Randolph Versus Massachusetts, 1680-1684

50. The Reopening of the Narragansett Claims, 1679-1683

51. The Rule of Joseph Dudley and the Council of New England

52. New York, 1676-1686

53. Turmoil in East New Jersey, 1678-1686

54. The Development of West New Jersey

55. “The Holy Experiment”: The Founding of Pennsylvania, 1681-1690

56. The Dominion of New England

57. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies, 1689-1690

58. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies, 1690-1692

59. Aftermath in the 1690s: The Salem Witch-Hunt and Stoughton’s Rise to Power

60. The Liberalism of Lord Bellomont in the Royal Colonies

61. The Aftermath of Bellomont

62. Rhode Island and Connecticut After the Glorious Revolution

63. The Unification of the Jerseys

64. Government Returns to Pennsylvania

65. The Colonies in the First Decade of the Eighteenth Century

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

INDEX

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CONTENTS

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION The Colonies in the Eighteenth Century

PART I
Developments in the Separate Colonies

1.  Liberalism in Massachusetts

2.  Presbyterian Connecticut

3.  Libertarianism in Rhode Island

4.  Land Tenure and Land Allocation in New England

5.  New Hampshire Breaks Free

6.  The Narragansett Planters

7.  New York Land Monopoly

8.  Slavery in New York

9.  Land Conflicts in New Jersey

10. The Ulster Scots

11. The Pennsylvania Germans

12. Pennsylvania: Quakers and Indians

13. The Emergence of Benjamin Franklin

14. The Paxton Boys

15. The Virginia Land System

16. The Virginia Political Structure

17. Virginia Tobacco

18. Slavery in Virginia

19. Indian War in North Carolina

20. The North Carolina Proprietary

21. Royal Government in North Carolina

22. Slavery in South Carolina

23. Proprietary Rule in South Carolina

24. The Land Question in South Carolina

25. Georgia: The “Humanitarian” Colony

PART II
Intercolonial Developments

26. Inflation and the Creation of Paper Money

27. The Communication of Ideas: Postal Service and the Freedom of the Press

28. Religious Trends in the Colonies

29. The Great Awakening

30. The Growth of Deism

31. The Quakers and the Abolition of Slavery

32. The Beginning of the Struggle over American Bishops

33. The Growth of Libertarian Thought

PART III
Relations with Britain

34. Assembly Versus Governor

35. Mercantilist Restrictions

36. King George’s War

37. Early Phases of the French and Indian War

38. The Persecution of the Acadians

39. Total War

40. The American Colonies and the War

41. Concluding Peace

42. Administering the Conquests

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

INDEX

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CONTENTS

PREFACE

PART I
The British Army and the Western Lands

1.  The Stage Is Set

2.  The Ohio Lands: Pontiac’s Rebellion

3.  The Ohio Lands: The Proclamation Line of 1763

4.  The British Army and the Grand Design

PART II
Enforcement of Mercantilism

5.  Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts

6.  The White Pine Act

7.  Molasses and the American Revenue Act

8.  Reaction in Massachusetts

9.  Reaction in Rhode Island and Connecticut

10.  Reaction in New York

11.  Reaction in Pennsylvania

12.  Reaction in New Jersey

13.  Reaction in the South

14.  Enforcement Troubles

15.  The Newport Case

PART III
Ideology and Religion

16.  The Threat of the Anglican Bishops

17.  The Parsons’ Cause

18.  Wilkes and Liberty, 1763–1764

PART IV
Edge of Revolution: The Stamp Act Crisis

19.  Passage of the Stamp Act

20.  Initial Reaction to the Stamp Act

21.  Patrick Henry Intervenes

22.  Sam Adams Rallies Boston

23.  Rhode Island Responds

24.  Response in New York

25.  Response in Virginia

26.  Response in Connecticut

27.  Response in Pennsylvania

28.  Response in the Carolinas and Georgia

29.  Official Protests

30.  The Stamp Act Congress

31.  Ignoring the Stamp Tax

32.  Government Replaced by the Sons of Liberty

33.  Repeal of the Stamp Act

34.  Aftermath of Repeal

PART V
The Townshend Crisis, 1766–1770

35.  The Mutiny Act

36.  The New York Land Revolt

37.  Passage of the Townshend Acts

38.  The Nonimportation Movement Begins

39.  Conflict in Boston

40.  Wilkes and Liberty: The Massacre of St. George’s Fields

41.  British Troops Occupy Boston

42.  Nonimportation in the South

43.  Rhode Island Joins Nonimportation

44.  Boycotting the Importers

45.  The Boston Massacre

46.  Conflict in New York

47.  Wilkes and America

48.  Partial Repeal of the Townshend Duties

49.  New York Breaks Nonimportation

PART VI
The Regulator Uprisings

50.  The South Carolina Regulation

51.  The North Carolina Regulation

PART VII
Prelude to Revolution, 1770–1775

52.  The Uneasy Lull, 1770–1772

53.  The
Gaspée
Incident

54.  The Committees of Correspondence

55.  Tea Launches the Final Crisis

56.  The Boston Tea Party

57.  The Other Colonies Resist Tea

58.  The Coercive Acts

59.  The Quebec Act

60.  Boston Calls for the Solemn League and Covenant

61.  Selecting Delegates to the First Continental Congress

62.  Resistance in Massachusetts

63.  The First Continental Congress

64.  The Continental Association

65.  The Impact on Britain

66.  The Tory Press in America

67.  Massachusetts: Nearing the Final Conflict

68.  Support from Virginia

69.  “The Shot Heard Round the World”: The Final Conflict Begins

PART VIII
Other Forces for Revolution

70.  The Expansion of Libertarian Thought

71.  The Vermont Revolution: The Green Mountain Boys

72.  The Revolutionary Movement: Ideology and Motivation

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

INDEX

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COPYRIGHT

DEDICATION

EPIGRAPH

CONTENTS

PREFACE

PART I
The War Begins

1.   Spreading the News of Lexington and Concord

2.   The Response in Britain

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