Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs (68 page)

41
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/09/zetas-boss-heriberto-lazcano-death-confirmed, accessed October 6, 2012.

42
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/16/mexico-drugs-trade, accessed November 20, 2013.

Chapter 10: Marisela’s Long March

1
I was introduced to Juan Fraire Escobedo by the extraordinary group Mexicanos en Exilio, who campaign for the right of Mexicans fleeing drug war violence to be granted asylum in the United States.

2
http://mariselaescobedo.com/media.html, accessed April 24, 2014.

3
Bowden,
Murder City
, 238.

4
http://mariselaescobedo.com/vid_protests.html, accessed February 26, 2013, and translated for me by Francis Whatlington.

5
This description is based on my own experience of being driven on these roads, when I went to Creel to interview a woman whose husband and sons had all disappeared. I later wrote about their story in
Le Monde Diplomatique
.

6
Ken Ellingwood, “Mexico Under Siege,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 18, 2010.

7
This was captured on video. Part of it can be seen at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9P1gNCAZNw or http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfH5U3JnCDs, accessed April 2, 2013, and in the documentary
9 Murders a Day
.

8
You can hear Juan giving an account of his experiences at http://www.texasobserver.org/justice-in-exile/, accessed April 2, 2013.

9
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 10–11.

10
http://hispanicnewsnetwork.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/barraza-bocanegra-killed-in-zacatecas.html, accessed November 23, 2013.

11
Gretchen Kristine Pierce, “Sobering the Revolution: Mexico’s Anti-Alcohol Campaigns,” Ph.D. diss., University of Arizona, 2008. Accessed at http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xNS1YGSi9tkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=sobering+the+revolution&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KZyuU5rgH5TG7AbmooCQCw&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=sobering%20the%20revolution&f=false.

12
Bewley-Taylor,
U.S. and International Drug Control
, 42.

13
He explicitly condemned Harry’s approach: see Walker,
Drug Control in the Americas
, 125.

14
Ibid., 68.

15
Campos,
Home Grown
, 226.

16
Walker,
Drug Control in the Americas
, 67.

17
UNESCO report “Globalisation, Drugs and Criminalisation: Final Research Report on Brazil, China, India and Mexico,” 2002, 60, at http://www.unesco.org/most/globalisation/drugs_vol1.pdf, accessed October 21, 2012.

18
Walker,
Drug Control in the Americas
, 126.

19
Ibid., 67, 133.

20
Ibid., 127–32.

21
Ibid., 132.

22
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12992664, accessed October 21, 2013.

Chapter 11: The Grieving Mongoose

1
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/05/war-on-drugs-prohibition, accessed July 1, 2012.

2
“Warning Campaign Launched Against Club Drugs,” Associated Press, December 3, 1999, accessed via LexisNexis July 1, 2012.

3
Ronald Siegel,
Intoxication: Life in Pursuit of Artificial Paradise
, 14.

4
Ibid., 72.

5
Ibid., 11.

6
Ibid., 13.

7
Ibid., 105; see also Siegel interview.

8
Siegel,
Intoxication
, 198.

9
http://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND-Session51/CND-UNGASS-CRPs/ECN72008CRP17.pdf, 3–4 as accessed July 12, 2012. I am grateful to Steve Rolles of Transform and Dr. Carl Hart for highlighting this fact for me. This fact is also discussed in https://news.vice.com/article/cryptomarkets-are-gentrifying-the-drug-trade-and-thats-probably-a-good-thing as accessed September 24, 2014. For studies finding a similar ratio, see DeGrandpre,
Cult of Pharmacology
, 231.

10
See Miller,
Drug Warriors
, 5.

11
Jacob Sullum,
Saying Yes
, 10.

12
http://transform-drugs.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/report-they-didnt-want-you-to-see.html, accessed December 2, 2013.

13
Sullum,
Saying Yes
, 9.

14
Siegel,
Intoxication
, 14. See also Siegel interview.

15
Stuart Walton,
Out of It
, 10.

16
Mike Jay,
High Society
, 14.

17
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/4760882/Did-Shakespeare-seek-inspiration-in-cocaine.html, accessed June 24, 2014.

18
Okrent,
Last Call
, 8.

19
Walton,
Out of It
, 2; Arnold Trebach,
The Heroin Solution
, xi.

20
Walton,
Out of It
, 208.

21
R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, and Carl A. P. Ruck,
The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries
, 17.

22
Walton,
Out of It
, 38–39.

23
Ibid., 38; Wasson, Hofmann, and Ruck,
Road to Eleusis
, 51–53.

24
Wasson, Hofmann, and Ruck,
Road to Eleusis
, 9. See also Herodotus,
Histories
8.65, and Isocrates,
Panegyricus
4.157.

25
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 186.

26
Wasson, Hofmann, and Ruck,
Road to Eleusis
.

27
Ibid., 55.

28
Walton,
Out of It
, 38; Wasson, Hofmann, and Ruck,
Road to Eleusis
, 76–85; Carl Kerényi,
Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter
, 177–80.

29
D.C.A. Hillman,
The Chemical Muse: Drug Use and the Roots of Western Civilisation
, 209. See also Wasson, Hofmann, and Ruck,
Road to Eleusis
, 25–34, 47–48. There is no consensus among classicists around these conclusions. Some agree with them and some do not. They are not, however, the views of cranks, but of distinguished scholars in the field. George Luck, professor emeritus of classics at Johns Hopkins University, says it has been “establish[ed] beyond the shadow of a doubt, I think, that the drink served during the initiation rites at the Eleusinian mysteries contained ergot,” the hallucinogenic fungus, and that “this . . . fully accounts for the marvelous visions of another world that made this religious experience so unique.” See Carl A. P. Ruck,
Sacred Mushrooms of the Goddess: Secrets of Eleusis
, 161.

30
Hillman,
Chemical Muse
, 209.

31
Walton,
Out of It
, 44.

32
See Hillman,
Chemical Muse
, 3, 6.

33
Walton,
Out of It
, 27.

34
Walton,
Out of It
, 38.

35
Ibid., 11.

36
Ibid., xvii.

37
Ibid., xxv.

38
Ibid., ix.

Chapter 12: Terminal City

1
This is based on Gabor’s account of Judith’s memories: she died before I could meet her. See Gabor Maté interview. She both described these events to Gabor and kept a diary at the time, which Gabor had read. Gabor also describes these experiences in
Scattered Minds
, 87–93.

2
Ibid., 91.

3
Gabor Maté,
In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts
, 241.

4
Maté,
Scattered Minds
, 92.

5
Reinarman and Levine,
Crack in America
, 148.

6
These included Bud Osborn, Dean Wilson, and Liz Evans.

7
There’s a good discussion of the neighborhood in Douglas Coupland’s
City of Glass
, 87; he talks about this being the end of the line on page 111.

8
It was later developed into housing and apartments.

9
As shown in the documentary
The Fix
.

10
Charles Demers,
Vancouver Special
, 85.

11
Maté,
Hungry Ghosts
, 11.

12
Ibid., 9.

13
Ibid., 37.

14
Ibid., 165.

15
Ibid., 141.

16
Maté,
Hungry Ghosts
, 140.

17
Ibid., 201–2.

18
http://providence.net/bariatrics/internal.php?page=obesity-facts, accessed February 27, 2013, says: “Nearly 70 percent of diagnosed cases of cardiovascular disease are related to obesity.”

19
I originally learned about the report from Sullum,
Saying Yes
, 15. I then read the original study: see
American Psychologist
, May 1990, 612–30.

20
Sullum,
Saying Yes
, 15. If that seems odd, remember the strong evidence showing that childhood trauma can actually physically stunt a child’s growth—and putting them into a loving home can make it start again. See Daniel E. Moerman,
Meaning, Medicine and the Placebo Effect
, 133.

21
Maté,
Hungry Ghosts
, 189.

22
Ebony
, July 1949, 32.

23
Anslinger,
Murderers
, 174.

24
 
Julia Blackburn archives, box 18, Linda Kuehl notes 1, Memry Midgett interview.

25
Julia Blackburn archives, box 18, Linda Kuehl notes, vol. VIII, interview with Peter O’Brien and Michelle Wallace.

26
As explained to me by Liz Evans.

27
Maté,
Hungry Ghosts
, 75.

28
Ibid., 82–83.

29
Ibid., 84.

30
Ibid., 120.

31
Ibid., 118.

32
Maté,
Hungry Ghosts
, 21.

33
Ibid., 30.

Chapter 13: Batman’s Bad Call

1
I think I first read about it in Lauren Slater’s brilliant book
Opening Skinner’s Box
.

2
DeGrandpre,
Cult of Pharmacology
, 124, 203; Miller,
Drug Warriors
, 17.

3
There is a similar, and much more commonplace, example of this: 90 percent of addicts who are detoxified in clinics—who, in other words, are looked after until their entire bodies are free of the drug, and all withdrawal symptoms have stopped—go back to using. See Miller,
Case for Legalizing Drugs
, 30.