Blackett's War (53 page)

    _____. “Swords into Ploughshares: Cecil Gordon’s Role in the Post-War Transition of Operational Research to Civilian Uses.”
Public Administration
69 (1991): 481–501.

    Roskill, Stephen W.
The War at Sea, 1939–1945.
3 vols. London: HMSO, 1954–61.

    Rowe, A. P.
One Story of Radar
. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1948.

    Russell, Jerry C.
The Campaign Against the U-boats in World War II
. National Security Agency Studies on Cryptology Series, SRH-142. 1980. (Available online at
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/ultra/navy-1.html
.)

    Sassoon, Siegfried.
Siegfried’s Journey, 1916–1920.
London: Faber & Faber, 1945.

    Sawyer, F. L., et al. “Reminiscences of Operational Research in World War II by Some of Its Practitioners.”
Journal of the Operational Research Society
40 (1989): 115–36.

    Scheer, Reinhard.
Germany’s High Sea Fleet in the World War
. London: Cassell, 1920.

    Schoenfeld, Max.
Stalking the U-boat: USAAF Offensive Antisubmarine Operations in World War II
. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1995.

    Schofield, B. B. “The Defeat of the U-Boats During World War II.”
Journal of Contemporary History
16 (1981): 119–29.

    
Science in War
. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1940.

    Scott, James Brown, ed.
Diplomatic Correspondence Between the United States and Germany, August 1, 1914–April 6, 1917.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1918.

    Senate. United States.
Submarine Boat Holland
. Senate Doc. No. 226, 55th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1898.

    _____.
Submarine Torpedo Boat Holland
. Senate Doc. No. 14, 56th Cong., 1st Sess., 1899.

    Shackleton, Ernest Henry.
South: The Story of Shackleton’s Last Expedition, 1914–1917.
New York: Macmillan, 1920.

    Shirer, William L.
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.

    Showell, Jak P. Mallmann.
The German Navy in World War Two: A Reference Guide to the Kriegsmarine, 1935–1945.
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1979.

    _____.
The U-Boat Century: German Submarine Warfare, 1906–2006.
London: Chatham, 2006.

    Shrader, Charles R.
History of Operations Research in the United States Army
. Vol. 1,
1942–1962.
Washington, D.C.: Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for Operations Research, United States Army, 2006. (Available online at
http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/hist_op_research/index.html
.)

    Shurkin, Joel N.
Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age
. London: Macmillan, 2006.

    Sims, William Sowden, and Burton J. Hendrick.
The Victory at Sea
. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1920.

    Slatterly, John. “Postprandial Proceedings of the Cavendish Society. I.”
American Physics Teacher
7 (1939): 179–85.

    Slessor, John.
The Central Blue: The Autobiography of Sir John Slessor, Marshal of the R.A.F
. New York: Praeger, 1957.

    Smith, Malcolm S.
British Air Strategy Between the Wars
. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.

    Smyth, Edward A., and Eugene P. Visco. “Military Operations Research Society (MORS) Oral History Project Interview of Dr. Ralph Beatty, Jr.”
Military Operations Research
9, no. 3 (2004): 45–73.

    Sternhell, Charles M., and Alan M. Thorndike.
Antisubmarine Warfare in World War II
. U.S. Navy Operations Evaluation Group, Report No. 51. 1946. Reprint. Laguna Hills, Calif.: Aegean Park Press.

    Stevenson, John.
British Society, 1914–45.
London: Penguin, 1984.

    Stiles, Bert.
Serenade to the Big Bird
. New York: Norton, 1947.

    Sueter, Murray F.
The Evolution of the Submarine Boat, Mine, and Torpedo
. Portsmouth, U.K.: Gieve’s, 1907.

    Syrett, David.
The Defeat of the German U-Boats: Battle of the Atlantic
. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.

    Syrett, David, ed.
The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-Boat Situations and Trends, 1941–1945.
Publications of the Navy Records Society, No. 139. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 1998.

    _____.
The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-Boat Tracking Papers, 1941–1947.
Publications of the Navy Records Society, No. 144. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2002.

    Tarrant, V. E.
The U-Boat Offensive, 1914–1945.
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1989.

    Terraine, John.
To Win a War: 1918 the Year of Victory
. 1978. Reprint. London: Cassell, 2000.

    Thomas, William. “The Heuristics of War: Scientific Method and the Founders of Operations Research.”
British Journal for the History of Science
10 (2007): 251–74.

    Tidman, Keith R.
The Operations Evaluation Group: A History of Naval Operations Analysis
. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1984.

    Tizard, Henry T. Papers. Imperial War Museum, London, U.K.

    van der Vat, Dan.
The Atlantic Campaign
. 1988. Reprint. Edinburgh, U.K.: Birlinn, 2001.

    Waddington, C. H.
O.R. in World War 2: Operational Research Against the U-Boats
. London: Elek, 1973.

    Waddington, C. H., Charles Goodeve, and Rolfe Tomlinson. “Appreciation: Lord Blackett.”
Operational Research Quarterly
25, no. 4 (December 1974): i–viii.

    Webster, Charles, and Noble Frankland.
The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–45.
4 vols. London: HMSO, 1961.

    Wells, H. G.
Experiment in Autobiography
. New York: Macmillan, 1934.

    Werrell, Kenneth P. “The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments.”
Journal of American History
72 (1986): 702–13.

    Werskey, Gary.
The Visible College: The Collective Biography of British Scientific Socialists of the 1930s
. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978.

    Whitehead, David. “Cobra and Other Bombes.”
Cryptologia
20 (1996): 289–307.

    Whitman, Edward C. “John P. Holland—Father of the Modern Submarine.”
Undersea Warfare
, Summer 2003.

    Williams, E. C. “Reflections on Operational Research.”
Journal of the Operations Research Society of America
2 (1954): 441–43.

    _____. “The Origin of the Term ‘Operational Research’ and the Early Development of the Military Work.”
Journal of the Operational Research Society
19 (1968): 111–13.

    Williamson, Rajkumari, ed.
The Making of Physicists
. Bristol, U.K.: Adam Hilger, 1987.

    Wohl, Robert.
The Generation of 1914.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979.

    Woolf, Leonard.
Downhill All the Way: An Autobiography of the Years 1919 to 1939.
1967. Reprint. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1975.

    _____.
The Journey Not the Arrival Matters: An Autobiography of the Years 1939 to 1969.
1969. Reprint. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1975.

    Zimmerman, David. “Preparations for War.” In
Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist and Socialist
, edited by Peter Hore. London: Frank Cass, 2003.

    _____. “The Society for the Protection of Science and Learning and the Politicization of British Science in the 1930s.”
Minerva
44 (2006): 25–45.

    Zuckerman, Lord.
From Apes to Warlords: The Autobiography (1904–1946) of Solly Zuckerman
. London: Hamilton, 1978.

    _____.
Six Men Out of the Ordinary
. London: Peter Owen, 1992.

The Irish-born inventor John P. Holland in one of his early submarines (
Illustration Credit 1
)

An American propaganda poster from the First World War highlights the U-boat threat (
Illustration Credit 2
)

A British officer boards a German submarine as it arrives in Harwich to surrender, November 1918 (
Illustration Credit 3
)

The “Prof,” Frederick A. Lindemann (left), with Winston Churchill (
Illustration Credit 4
)

Patrick Blackett (
Illustration Credit 5
)

Sir Henry Tizard, who headed the British scientific air defense committee and repeatedly clashed with Lindemann over science and war policy (
Illustration Credit 6
)

E. J. Williams and Cecil Gordon, who along with Blackett probably contributed the most to operational research against the U-boats (
Illustration Credit 7
)

The zoologist Solly Zuckerman, at Tobruk in 1943: his Tots and Quots club and their book,
Science in War
, were instrumental in mobilizing scientific manpower for the war. (
Illustration Credit 8
)

HMCS
Sackville
, one of the “cheap and nasty” flower-class escort corvettes (
Illustration Credit 9
)

A convoy of merchant ships crosses the Atlantic, 1942 (
Illustration Credit 10
)

A pilot of a Sunderland flying boat scans the sea on a U-boat patrol over the Atlantic (
Illustration Credit 11
)

Vannevar Bush, the MIT engineer who galvanized American defense research, in a characteristic pose (
Illustration Credit 12
)