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Authors: Prit Buttar

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APPENDIX 2: RANKS
Brigadeführer
SS rank equivalent to brigadier
Feldwebel
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to staff sergeant
Gefreiter
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to lance-corporal
Generalfeldmarschall
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to field marshal
Generalkommissar
senior rank in German occupation administration
Generalleutnant
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to major-general
Generalmajor
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to brigadier
Generaloberst
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to general
Gruppenführer
SS rank quivalent to major general
Hauptmann
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to captain
Hauptscharführer
SS rank equivalent to company sergeant-major
Hauptsturmführer
SS rank equivalent to captain
Kapitänleutnant
Kriegsmarine rank equivalent to lieutenant
Leutnant
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to 2nd lieutenant
Major
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to major
Oberfeldwebel
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to company sergeant-major
Obergruppenführer
SS rank equivalent to lieutenant general
Oberleutnant
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to lieutenant
Oberst
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to colonel
Oberstleutnant
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to lieutenant colonel
Obersturmbannführer
SS rank equivalent to lieutenant colonel
Rittmeister
Wehrmacht (originally cavalry) rank equivalent to captain
Rottenführer
SS rank equivalent to corporal
Stabsfeldwebel
Wehrmacht rank equivalent to regimental sergeant-major
Standartenführer
SS rank equivalent to colonel
Sturmbannführer
SS rank equivalent to major
Unterscharführer
SS rank equivalent to sergeant
Untersturmführer
SS rank equivalent to 2nd lieutenant
APPENDIX 3: ACRONYMS
AK
Armia Krajowa (‘home army’), the Polish resistance army supported by the Western Powers
AOK
Armee Oberkommando
(Army High Command), e.g.
AOK Ostpreussen
BDO
Bund Deutscher Offiziere
(League of German Officers)
EVR
Eesti Vabariigi Rahvuskomitee
(Estonian Republic National Committee)
FPO
Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye
(United Partisans Organisation)
GPU
Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie
(State Political Directorate), Soviet, a part of the NKVD
HKP
Heeres Kraftfahr Park
(Army Freight Vehicle Pool), German
HSSPf
Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer
(senior SS and police commander), German
LAF
Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas
(Lithuanian Activist Front)
LCP
Latvijas Centrālā Padome
(Latvian Central Committee)
LKNS
Latviju Kareivju Nacionālā Savienība
(National Federation of Latvian Fighters)
LLA
Lietuvos Laisvės Armija
(Lithuanian Freedom Army)
LLKS
Lietuvos Laisvės Kovos Sąjūdis
(Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters)
LVR
Lietuvos Vietinė Rinktinė
(Lithuanian Defence Force)
NKFD
Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland
(National Committee for a Free Germany)
NKVD
Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del
(People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), the Soviet Secret Police
OKH
Oberkommando des Heeres
(German Army High Command)
OKW
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
(Wehrmacht High Command)
RHSA
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
(Reich Main Security Administration), German
RVL
Relvastadud Voitluse Liit
(Armed Resistance League), Estonian
SA
Sturmabteilung
(Storm Detachment), German, the pre-war paramilitary wing of the National Socialist Party
SD
Sicherheitsdienst
(Security Administration), German
STAVKA
Soviet High Command
TAR
Tevynes Apsaugas Rinktine
(Fatherland Defence Force), Lithuanian
TDA
Tautos Darbo Apsauga
(National Labour Service Battalion), Lithuanian
APPENDIX 4: FOREIGN TERMS
Abwehr
the German military intelligence branch
Auftragstaktik
military concept centered on achievement of a mission, which allowed junior officers to take decisions, in contrast to older, more rigid command and control systems
Freikorps
volunteer military organisations assembled from former German army personnel in the Baltic States and Germany in the aftermath of the First World War
Judenrat
lit. ‘Jewish council’, the Jewish administrative body responsible for organising the Jewish communities in the occupied territories
Komjautnatne
Latvian youth organisation
Komsomol
Soviet youth organisation
Ostministerium
Common abbreviation for the
Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete
(‘Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories’)
Omakaitse
Originally the Estonian ‘Home Guard’ after the First World War; re-established as a militia group after the German invasion in 1941
Pērkonkrusts
lit. ‘Thunder Cross’, a Latvian extreme nationalist group, with links to the RSHA and to
Einsatzgruppe A
SS-Führungshauptamt
the headquarters of the non-combat elements of the SS, based in Berlin
ENDNOTES

Introduction

1
.   Misiunas, R., Taagepera, R. (1993)
The Baltic States – Years of Dependence 1940–1990
, London: Hurst, p.6

2
.   Henry Nevinson, quoted in Eksteins M. (1999)
Walking Since Daybreak
, New York: Mariner, pp.42–43

3
.   Bleiere, D., Butulis, I., Zunda, A., Stranga, A., Feldmanis, I. (2006),
History of Latvia: the 20th Century,
Riga: Jumava, p.68

4
.   Czernin von und zu Chudenitz, O. (1920)
In the World War,
New York and London: Harper & Brothers, pp.245–46

5
.   Davies, N. (2003)
White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20,
London: Pimlico

6
.   Volkogonov, D. (1994)
Lenin: Life and Legacy
, London: Harper Collins, p.482

7
.   Naumann, F. (1915)
Mitteleuropa
, Berlin: Georg Reimer

8
.   Madajczyk, C. (1961)
Generalna Gubernia w planach hitlerowskich. Studia
, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, pp.88–89

9
.   Lower, W. (2009)
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History
, New York: Berghahn, p.301

10
. See Erichsen, C., Olusoga, D. (2010)
The Kaiser’s Holocaust: Germany’s Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism
, London: Faber & Faber

11
. Holborn, H. (1969)
A History of Modern Germany
, New York: Knopf, p.429

12
. Eidintas, A., (1997)
Restoration of the State
, in Eidintas, A., Žalys, V., Senn, A.
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic 1918–1940
, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp.220–21

13
. Davies, N. p.50

14
. President Wilson’s Message to Congress, January 8, 1918; Records of the United States Senate; Record Group 46

Chapter 1

1
.   Emelianov, Y. (2007)
Priybaltika: Mezhdoo Stalinim I Hitlerom
, Moscow: Izdatel’ Bystrov, p.157

2
.   Emelianov, p.158

3
.   Nekrich, A., Ulam, A., Freeze, G. (1997)
Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941
, New York: Columbia University Press, p.110

4
.   Sebag Montefiore, S. (2004)
Stalin, The Court of the Red Czar
, London: Vintage, p.40

5
.   Quoted in Sebag Montefiore, p.310

6
.   Resis, A. (2000) ‘The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact’ in
Europe-Asia Studies 52 (1)
, p.35

7
.   Emelianov, p.161

8
.   Emelianov, p.163

9
.   Sebag Montefiore, p.314

10
. Emelianov, p.165

11
. Quoted in Sebag Montefiore, p.318

12
. Halder, F.,
Diaries
, Imperial War Museum, 22 August 1939

13
.
USSR DVP
, 22/1, p.632

14
.
Lietuvos Okupacija ir Aneksija 1939–40
(1993), Vilnius: Mintis, p.65

15
.
Eesti NSV Ajalugui
III (1971), Tallinn, p.365

16
. Sebag Montefiore, p.321

17
. Hiden, J., Salmon, P. (1994)
The Baltic Nations and Europe
(revised edn), Harlow: Longman, p.110

18
. Tarauskas, E. (1990)
Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Netenkant
, Kaunas: Sviesa, p.74

19
. Urbšys, J. (1990)
Atsiminimai
, Kaunas: Spindulys, quoted in Senn, A. (2007)
Lithuania 1940, Revolution from Above
, New York: Rodopi, p.17

20
. Senn, p.18

21
. Senn, p.20

22
. The Winter War was fought between Finland and the Soviet Union between November 1939 and March 1940 in the narrow neck of land to the north and west of Leningrad.

23
. Myllyniemi, S. (1979)
Die Baltische Krise 1938–41
, Stuttgart: Deutsche, pp.114–17

24
. Felder, B. (2009)
Lettland im Zweiten Weltkrieg
, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, p.45

25
. Zotov’s telegrams form part (Reel 1, Container 1) of the Volkogonov Collection of the US Library of Congress

26
. Quoted in Felder (2009), p.44

27
. Felder (2009), p.79

28
. Nollendorfs, V. (2005)
Battle for the Baltic. Yearbook of the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia 2004
, Riga, p.162

29
. Štiemanis, J. (2002)
History of the Latvian Jews
, New York: East European Monographs, p.115

30
. Komplektov, G. (1990)
Polpredy Soobshchaiut
, Moscow: Meshdunarodnye Otnosheniia, p.140

31
. Rudis, G., quoted in Senn, p.74

32
. Emelianov, p.167

33
. Senn, p.97

34
. Misiunas, R., Taagepera, R. (1993)
The Baltic States – Years of Dependence 1940–1990
, London: Hurst, p.201

35
. Senn, pp.106–07

36
. Felder (2009), p.32

37
.
Brīvā Zeme
, 17/6/40

38
. NKVD Report of 25/10/40 in Latvijas Valsts Arhīvs, Riga, PA-101/1/35, 3

39
. Lejiņš, J. (1971)
Mana Dzimtene: Atmiņu un Pārdomu Atspulgā
, Vasteras: ICA bokförlag, p.180

40
. Misiunas and Taagepera, p.21

41
.
Third Interim Report of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression
, 83rd Congress, 2nd Session, Washington 1954, p.458

42
. Misiunas and Taagepera, pp.28–29

43
. Uustalu, E. (1952)
The History of the Estonian People
, London: Boreas, p.242

44
. Nicholas, L. (2006)
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
, New York: Vintage, pp.194–205

45
.
Third Interim Report
, p.471

46
. Latvijas Valsts Arhīvs, PA-101/2/32, 35

47
. Hoover Institution of War, Peace and Revolution Archive, Stanford, 89/18/1

48
. Felder (2009), p.162

49
. Misiunas and Taagepera, p.42

50
. Felder (2009), pp.158–59, Misiunas and Taagepera, p.43

51
. Pakalniškis, A. (1980)
Plungė
, Chicago: Spaudė M. Morkūno spaustuvė, p.45

52
. Kuromiya, H., Pepłoński, A. (2009)
Między Warszawą a Tokio
, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, pp.470–85

53
. Swain, G. (2004)
Between Stalin and Hitler
, London: Routledge, p.28

Chapter 2

1
.   Cecil, R. (1972)
The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology
, New York: Dodd Mead, pp.42–43

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