INTRODUCTION
Denny 2004 provides a very sympathetic and almost unrecognizable saintly version of Anne. Chapman 1974 and Bruce 1972 also provide favourable accounts of Anne. Erickson 1980 gives a more hostile account. Ives 2005 is more detailed. Early accounts of Anne are contained in Benger 1821, Strickland 1844, Friedmann 1884, Round 1886 and Aiken 1818. Anne is also always the most prominent of Henry’s queens in works on Henry VIII’s six wives as a whole, such as Rival 1971, Fraser 2002, Weir 1991 and Starkey 2003.
CHAPTER 1: SIR THOMAS BOLEYN’S DAUGHTER
Round 1886:7 provides a summary of Anne’s family background and her date of birth. Information on the Earl of Ormond, is contained in Sergeant 1923:2 and Round 1886:11. The rumours surrounding Elizabeth Howard are quoted from Sander 1877:23-24. The names of Anne’s two brothers who died in infancy are taken from Dixon 1873:133. The details from the
Life of Jane Dormer
can be found in Clifford 1887:80. Gairdner 1895:104 considered that Anne’s birth date was between 20 May and 31 December 1507. The relative seniority of Mary and Anne Boleyn is discussed in Round 1886 and Gairdner 1893. Lord Hunsdon’s letter is quoted from Round 1886:18. The quotes concerning Anne’s sixth finger and blemishes come from Wyatt 1825:183.
CHAPTER 2: SO PLEASING IN HER YOUTHFUL AGE
Details of the life of Margaret of Austria can be found in Hare 1907 and de Iongh 1954. Anne’s stay in Brussels is noted in Paget 1981. The details of Margaret’s repudiation are from Nedham 1979:121. Margaret’s letter to her father is quoted from Hare 1907:208. Margaret’s letter to Thomas Boleyn is from Sergeant 1923:12. Anne’s letter is quoted from Sergeant 1923:17-18. Henry’s imperial alliance and his French campaign are from Nedham 1979:121- 122. Negotiations surrounding Mary Tudor’s proposed marriage to Charles and the Dutch reaction to her French marriage are from Hall’s Chronicle 1809:567-569. Mary Boleyn is included in the list of gentlewomen appointed to attend Mary in France (Brodie 1920, 3348). Mary Tudor’s letter to her brother setting out their agreement is from Wood 1846:204. Anne’s late arrival in France is suggested as only one ‘Madamoyselle Boleyne’ is included in a list of those ladies retained by the French king. Since both Mary and Anne Boleyn are known to have remained in France it seems likely that this is Mary rather than Anne who had still not yet arrived from Brussels (Brodie 1920:1414). Mary Tudor’s relationship with Francis I comes from Brantome p368. Details of Mary Tudor’s life can be found in Richardson 1970 and details of Suffolk’s life can be found in Gunn 1988. Suffolk’s promise not to marry Mary is contained in Brewer 1864:74. Suffolk’s account of the marriage is contained in his letters to Wolsey dated 3 February 1515 and 5 March 1515 (Brewer 1864).
CHAPTER 3: MADEMOISELLE BOLEYN
Details of Francis’s licentiousness are from Brantome p9, 169 and 102. Sander’s comments are from p26. Details of Claude’s household are in Benger 1821. Sander 1877:26 claims Anne was a Lutheran. Details of the Field of the Cloth of Gold can be found in Russell 1969. The quote detailing Henry’s rivalry with Francis is from Rawdon Brown, Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII, Letter II, 3 May 1515 (Williams 1967:390). The description of Henry from 1515 is also from Rawdon Brown, Letter I (Williams 1967:389). The description of the meeting of the two kings comes from Bodleian MS Ashmole 1116 (Russell 1969:210). The jousts and the banquets are described in Hall’s Chronicle 1809:611 and 615. Details of the mass celebrated is in Bodleian MS Ashmole 1116 (Russell 1969:213). Bishop Fisher’s comments on the Field of the Cloth of Gold are taken from his sermon (Russell 1969:216).
CHAPTER 4: A SECRET LOVE
Anne’s appearance is described in Wyatt 1825:182-183 and Sander 1877:25. The masque is described in Hall’s Chronicle 1809:631. The ladies who played the virtues are listed in Brewer 1867:155. Details of the Butler marriage are in Round 1886:24, Dixon 1873:274, and Ives 2005:34-36. The reference to Anne’s wilfulness comes from Wyatt 1968:143. The attraction between Anne and Henry Percy is detailed in Cavendish 1962:59-64. Information on Henry Percy is contained in Hoyle 1992. Anne’s letter to Lady Wingfield is taken from Wood 1846:75. Wolsey’s involvement in breaking Anne’s engagement is in Cavendish 1962:59. Percy’s letter to Cromwell is taken from Singer 1825:250.
CHAPTER 5: FAIR BRUNET
Wyatt’s position at court and his love for Anne are contained in Wyatt 1825:184. Wyatt’s poem referring to ‘Brunet’ can be found in Daalder 1975:90. Sander 1877:29 suggested that Anne was passionately in love with Wyatt. The extracts from the
Chronicle of Henry VIII
are from pp68-69. Harpsfield’s account is from p253 and Sander’s comments are from pp25, 28-29. George Wyatt’s comments that if Thomas Wyatt had confessed it would have broken the marriage can be found in Wyatt 1968:183. The quote on Anne’s chastity is taken from Wyatt 1825:194. Wyatt’s poem on the hunt is in Daalder 1975:7. The quote concerning Anne’s prominence at court comes from Wyatt 1968:185. The bowls game is described in Wyatt 1825:185. Thomson 1964:30 suggests Wyatt may have been out of favour with Henry.
CHAPTER 6: FOR CAESAR’S I AM
The quote about Anne not casting her eye on a married man comes from Wyatt 1825:194. Elizabeth Woodville’s conduct is taken from More 2005:59. All Henry’s letters to Anne are taken from Savage 1949. The first letter quoted concerning Henry’s doubts is letter 1 (1949:28). Letter II is next quoted (1949:30). Letter3 enquires about Anne’s health (1949:31-32). Anne Boleyn’s letter to Henry is Letter 7 in Wood 1846. Henry’s letter asking about Anne’s feelings is letter 4 (1949:33-34). The claim that Anne loved Queen Catherine and was reluctant to marry Henry is in Wyatt 1825:188. Thomas Boleyn’s reaction to Anne’s engagement is from Wyatt 1825:187. Henry’s letter concerning Anne’s gift is letter 5 (1949:35-36). Henry’s letter, desperate for Anne to return to court, is letter 11 (1949:42). The quote concerning Henry’s desire to kiss Anne’s breasts is from letter 16 (1949:47).
CHAPTER 7: THE KING’S GREAT MATTER
Catherine’s marriage to Arthur is discussed in Wriothesley’s Chronicle p5. Extracts from the
Life of Jane Dormer
are from p74. Anne and Catherine’s card game is described in Wyatt 1825:188. Wolsey’s attempts to secure an alliance with France are contained in Herbert 1649:215. Wolsey’s attempts to obtain papal authority are in Hope 1894:53. The quote on the need for an embassy to Rome comes from a letter from Henry to Wolsey (St Clare Byrne 1968:48). Charles’s determination to defend Catherine is taken from Herbert 1649:226. Anne’s letter to Gardiner is from Brewer 1876:2382. Foxe’s return to England is described in Foxe to Gardiner, 11 May 1528 (Brewer 1876:187). The description of the sweat is found in Du Bellay to Montmorency, 18 June 1528 (Brewer 1872:1924). Henry’s letter to Anne during her illness is letter 12 (Savage 1949:44). Henry’s happiness at Anne’s recovery is found in Thomas Hennege to Wolsey, 23 June 1528 (Brewer 1872:1931). Henry’s attempts to persuade Anne back to court are in letter 7 in Savage 1949:37. Henry’s happiness at Anne’s imminent return is found in letter 11 in Savage 1949:42. Henry’s letter updating Anne on the legate’s progress is letter 6 in Savage 1949:37. Anne’s reluctance to meet the queen is documented in Du Bellay to Montmorency, 25 December 1528 (Brewer 1872:2207). Campeggio’s attempts to negotiate with Henry and Catherine are from Herbert 1649:231. Campeggio’s comments about Henry’s intractability are found in Campeggio to Salviati, 28 October 1528 (St Clair Byrne 1968:86). Details of Arthur and Catherine’s wedding night are found in Brewer 1876:2577. The instructions to Catherine regarding the brief are in Brewer 1876:2266. Catherine’s speech can be found in Cavendish 1962:114-116. Campeggio’s sentence and the uproar it caused are in the
Life of Fisher
p65-6.
CHAPTER 8: THE NIGHT CROW
Anne’s letters to Wolsey are in Savage 1949:49-52. Henry’s letter to Anne concerning Wilton is in Savage 1949:45. Isabel Jordan’s letter to Wolsey is found in Wood 1846:37. Henry’s two letters to Wolsey concerning Wilton are found in St Clare Byrne 1968:77,79). The story concerning the banned book is from Wyatt 1825:203. The prophecy about Wolsey’s destruction is in the
Chronicle of Henry VIII
p3. Anne’s letter to Wolsey following Blackfriars is from Crawford 2002:188-189.Details of Anne’s enmity towards Wolsey and her role in his fall are contained in Cavendish 1962. The quote speculating about Wolsey’s refusal to submit to Henry Percy and details of Wolsey’s death are from Herbert 1649:312-313.
CHAPTER 9: THE CONCUBINE
Details of Anne’s fine lodging are contained in Du Bellay to Montmorency, 9 December 1528 (Brewer 1872:2177). Anne’s disagreement with Norfolk is found in Chapuys to Charles V, 6 February 1530 (Brewer 1876:2781). The rumours that Norfolk had left court are from Augustine de Augustinis to the Duke of Norfolk, 3 June 1531 (Gairdner 1880:132). Anne’s relationship with the Duchess of Norfolk is detailed in two letters from Chapuys to Charles V of 31 January and 14 May 1531 (Gairdner 1880:31 and 11). Anne’s quarrel with her father is found in Chapuys to Granville, 11 July 1532 (Gairdner 1880:514). Anne’s quarrel with Guildford is in Chapuys to Charles V, 6 June 1531 (Gairdner 1880:138). Anne’s arguments with Henry are from Chapuys to Charles V, 27 November 1530 (Brewer 1876:3035), Mai to Francis de los Covos, 22 January 1531 (Gairdner 1880:27), Chapuys to Charles V, 29 April 1531 (Gairdner 1880:101) and Muxetula to Charles V, 23 January 1531 (Gairdner 1880:28). Anne’s bravery is described in Chapuys to Charles V, 1 January 1531 (Gairdner 1880:10-11). Anne’s partiality for York Place is noted in Chapuys to Charles V, 14 May 1531 (Gairdner 1880:110). The record of Henry and Catherine dining together is in Chapuys to Charles V, 14 May 1531 (Gairdner 1880:110). Catherine’s response to Henry’s abandonment of her is found in Chapuys to Charles V, 31 July 1531 (Gairdner 1880:167). Anne’s hatred of Mary can be found in Chapuys to Charles V, 29 April 1531 (Gairdner 1880:101). Mary and Henry’s meeting is recorded in Chapuys to Charles V, 1 October 1532 (Gairdner 1880:592). Anne’s unpopularity is recorded in Du Bellay to Montmorency, 9 December 1528 (Brewer 1872:2177).The attempts made on Fisher’s life can be found in the
Life of Fisher
p60- 70 and Chapuys to Charles V, 1 March 1531 (Gairdner 1880:60). Anne and Henry’s aborted hunting trip is chronicled in Chapuys to Charles V, 29 July 1532 (Gairdner 1880:526). Anne’s appointment as Marchioness of Pembroke is described in Gairdner 1880:552. Anne and Henry’s trip to France is detailed in Hall’s Chronicle 1809:790-794. Anne’s purchase of costly dresses and her appropriation of Catherine’s jewels are found in Chapuys to Charles V, 1 October 1532 (Gairdner 1880:591). Attempts to find a French lady to meet Anne and Anne’s comments about marrying in England are also noted in this source. The marriage is described in Harpsfield 1878:234 and Cranmer’s letter to Archdeacon Hawkins, 17 June 1533 (Williams 1967:722).
CHAPTER 10: POPE IN ENGLAND
Hints dropped by Anne about her marriage are in Chapuys to Charles V, 15 February 1533 (Gairdner 1882:498). Henry’s comments are taken from Chapuys to Charles V, 8 March 1533 (Gairdner 1882:97). Catherine’s fears over Cranmer’s appointment are found in Chapuys to Charles V, 9 February 1533 (Gairdner 1882:66). Chapuys’s comment that Anne was a Lutheran comes from Chapuys to Charles V, 22 March 1531 (Gairdner 1882:69). Bernard (1993) also comments on the evidence for Anne’s religious beliefs. Tyndale’s words are from his preface to the New Testament in English (Bray 1994:19). Wyatt (1825:201-202) details that Anne was sent books by prominent reformers. Details of Simon Fish’s
Supplication of the Beggars
can be found in Dowling 1984:36. Foxe (1965:58) comments on Anne’s involvement in the reformation. Details of the praemunire manoeuvres can be found in Guy 1982 and Chapuys to Charles V, 14 February 1531 (Gairdner 1880:47). Lutheran preachers supported by Anne and her family are described in Chapuys to Charles V, 22 March 1531 and 13 May 1532 (Gairdner 1880). The Act for the Conditional Restraint of Annates can be found in Bray 1994:72. The comments from the
Life of Fisher
are from pp93-94. The despatch of the papal bulls confirming Cranmer’s appointments are found in Chapuys to Charles V, 31 March 1533 (Gairdner 1882:127). The Act in Restraint of Appeals is from Bray 1994:79. Cranmer’s account of the Dunstable court is found in Cranmer to Archdeacon Hawkyns, 17 June 1533 (Williams 1967:720). The Act of Supremacy is in Bray 1994:113-114. The quote from Wriothesley’s Chronicle is from p30.
CHAPTER 11: THE MOST HAPPY
Anne’s first appearance as queen is described in Chapuys to Charles V, 16 April 1533 (Gairdner 1882:168). Hostility towards Anne is described in John Coke, Secretary of the Merchant Adventurers, to Cromwell, 22 May 1533, John Coke, Clerk to the Merchant Adventurers at Antwerp to Cromwell, 30 June 1533, Examination of Sir Thomas Gebons, priest, and Sir Rauf Wendon, and Earl of Derby to Sir Henry Farryngton to Henry VIII, 10 August 1533 (Gairdner 1882:228,322,328 and 417). Henry’s proclamation is from Chapuys to Charles V, 26 May 1533 (Gairdner 1882:235). Anne’s seizure of Catherine’s barge is noted in Chapuys to Charles V, 29 May 1533 (Gairdner 1882:244). Accounts of Anne’s coronation are provided by Wynkyn de Worde (1903:11) and Chapuys to Charles V, 29 May 1533 (Gairdner 1882:244). The verses recited at the Leadenhall pageant are taken from Udall 1903:21. The hostile account of the coronation is taken from Gairdner 1882:266. The quote from the
Chronicle of Henry VIII
is p14. Cranmer’s account of the coronation is contained in his letter to Archdeacon Hawkyns of 17 June 1533 (Williams 1967:720-721). Anne’s coronation feast is recorded in Wriothesley’s Chronicle p22. Sir Edward Baynton to Lord Rochford, 9 June 1533 (Gairdner 1882:282) provides details of the pastimes in Anne’s chamber and Chapuys to Charles V, 28 June 1533 (Gairdner 1882:318) refers to the gift given to Anne by Francis I. Anne’s demand for Catherine’s christening robe is found in Chapuys to Charles V, 30 July 1533 (Gairdner 1882:397). Rumours of Henry’s affair are found in Correspondence of Charles V, August 1533 (Gairdner 1882:446). The quote concerning Henry’s mistress is found in Chapuys to Charles V, 3 September 1533 (Gairdner 1882:453). Henry’s use of fortune tellers is in Chapuys to Charles V, 10 September 1533 (Gairdner 1882:465). Anne and Henry’s reaction to Elizabeth’s sex is found in Chapuys to Charles V, 10 September 1533 (Gairdner 1882:465). Rumours that Elizabeth would be named Mary are found in Chapuys to Charles V, 10 September 1533 (Gairdner 1882:465). An example of Anne’s letters announcing the birth is her letter to Squire Josselin (Furnivall 1869:408-409). An account of Elizabeth’s christening is contained in Hall’s Chronicle 1809:805.