Authors: David Isby
211.
Michelle Tan, “Use of IEDs Growing Rapidly in Afghanistan,”
Defense News
, 14 September 2009, pp. 30–32.
212.
Ibid.
213.
Interview, COL Patrick McNiece, USA, ISAF deputy director of intelligence, Kabul, 29 October 2008.
214.
Ibid.
215.
Interview, Kabul, 20 October 2008.
216.
Muhammad Amir Rana,
A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan
. Lahore, Mashal, 2004, pp. 10–21.
217.
Antonio Giustozzi,
Koran, Kalashnikov and Laptop. The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan
. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, pp. 108–109.
218.
“Fearful Asymmetry: A Shift in Taliban Tactics,”
The Economist
, 1 May 2008.
219.
Hekmat Karzai and Seth Jones, “How to Curb Suicide Terrorism in Afghanistan,”
Christian Science Monitor
, 18 July 2006.
220.
Interview in
Al-Sumud
magazine, issue 24, 14 August 2009, translated in FBIS,
Jihadist Websites—OSC Summary, 17 August 2008
.
221.
Interview, Kabul, 29 October 2008.
222.
Interview, Afghan source, Kabul, 21 October 2009.
223.
C. J. Chivers. “Arms Sent by U.S. May Be Falling Into Taliban Hands,”
The New York Times
, 19 May 2008, p. A1.
224.
Talk given at the Association of the US Army annual meeting, Washington, 6 October 2009.
225.
Talk at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 22 April 2009.
226.
Interview, COL Patrick McNiece, ISAF deputy director of intelligence, Kabul, 29 October 2008.
227.
Talk at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 20 May 2009.
228.
Talk given at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington, 29 September 2009.
229.
Talk given at the Association of the US Army annual meeting, Washington, 6 October 2009.
230.
Eric Schmitt, “A Variety of Sources Feed Taliban’s War Chest,”
The New York Times
, 18 October 2009.
231.
On the kidnapping threat in Afghanistan, examples of coverage of these widespread tactics are: “Gunmen Abduct Turkish National in Afghan West” (
Pajhwok Afghan New reports
, November 30, 2009); “Poland Develops Anti-Kidnapping Scheme for Afghan Mission” (
PAP News agency report
, 16 September 2009); “Armed Men Kidnap Two Doctors, Paramedics in Afghan North” (
Afghan Islamic Press report
, 13 October 2009); “Afghan Journalists Facing Threats from Taliban, Government—Media Watchdog” (
Pahjwok Afghan News report
, 2 May 2009); “Taliban Kidnap, Threaten School Teachers in Afghan South” (
Afghan Islamic Press report
, 20 April 2009).
232.
Paul Collier and Anneke Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,”
Oxford Economic Papers
, v. 56, n. 4, October 2004, pp. 563–95.
233.
Paul Collier,
Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy
, World Bank paper, 15 June 2000.
234.
James D. Fearon, “Economic Development, Insurgency and Civil War,” in Elhanan Helpman, ed.,
Institutions and Economic Performance
. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008, pp. 292–328.
Chapter Six
235.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
The Opium Economy in Afghanistan: An International Problem
. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2003.
236.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Addiction, Crime and Insurgency, The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium
. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, October 2009, pp. 9–20.
237.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Afghanistan 2009 Opium Survey
(Vienna: August 2009); Eric Schmitt, “A Variety of Sources Feed Taliban’s War Chest” (
The New York Times
, 18 October 2009).
238.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Addiction, Crime and Insurgency, The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium
. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, October 2009, pp. 9–20.
239.
Scott Rennie, “Afghan Heroin Hitting Our Streets, Mounties Warn,”
The Star
(Toronto), 6 August 2007,
http://www.thestar.com/News/article/243554
.
240.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Afghanistan Opium Survey, 2008
, Executive Summary. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, August 2008, p. 5.
241.
Dr. Barnett Rubin provided this insight.
242.
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime,
Afghanistan Opium Survey, Executive Summary
. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, August 2008, p. viii.
243.
On the importance of credit to opium, see: Adam Pain,
Opium Poppy and Informal Credit
. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), 2008.
244.
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime,
Afghanistan Opium Survey, 2007
, August 2007, p. 15.
245.
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime,
The Dynamics of the Farmgate Opium Trade and the Coping Strategies of Opium Traders
, Strategic Study 2, Islamabad, 1998.
246.
Talk given at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 20 May 2009.
247.
Adam Pain,
Opium Trading Systems in Helmand and Ghor
. Kabul: Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit, January 2006, p. 4.
248.
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime,
Afghanistan Opium Survey, 2008, Executive Summary
. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, August 2008, p. viii.
249.
Interview with Ministry of Counter Narcotics official, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
250.
Talk given at the Atlantic Council by Ashraf Ghani, Washington, 22 April 2009.
251.
For example: Haytullah Gaheez, “Daughters Sold to Settle Debts,”
Institute for War and Peace Reporting news report
, ARR n. 155, 30 December 2004.
252.
David Mansfield and Adam Pain,
Counter-Narcotics in Afghanistan: The Failure of Success
. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) briefing paper, December 2008, p. 2.
253.
Jim Drummond, director of the South Asia division of the UK’s DfID, talk given at CSIS, Washington, 28 May 2009.
254.
Steve Kroft, “Afghanistan: Addicted to Heroin,”
60 Minutes News Report
, 16 October 2005.
255.
Talk given at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 20 May 2009.
256.
Barnett R. Rubin and Jake Sherman,
Counter Narcotics to Stabilize Afghanistan, the False Promise of Crop Eradication
. New York: Center on International Cooperation, February 2008, p. 2.
257.
Doris Buddenberg and William A. Byrd, eds.,
Afghan’s Drug Industry, Structure, Functioning Dynamics and Implications for Counter-Narcotics Policy
. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and World Bank, 2008, pp. 5–6.
258.
Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
259.
Interview, Dr. Sayid Mohammed Amin Fatimi, Minister of Health, Washington, 23 July 2008.
260.
Interview, Ministry of Counter Narcotics official, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
261.
Kaveh L. Afrasiabi, “US, Iran Seek to Stop Afghan Narco-Traffic,”
Asia Times
, 10 March 2009.
262.
Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
263.
See: Doris Buddenberg & William A. Byrd, eds.,
Afghan’s Drug Industry, Structure, Functioning Dynamics and Implications for Counter-Narcotics Policy, 2008
, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and World Bank, pp. 1–22.
264.
Eric Schmitt, “A Variety of Sources Feed Taliban’s War Chest,”
The New York Times
, 18 October 2009.
265.
Tim Albone and Claire Billet, “Ruined Poppy Farmers Join Ranks with the Taliban,”
The Times
(London), 28 January 2007.
266.
Mohammad Ilyas Dayee,
Institute for War & Peace Reporting
, No. 290, 19 May 2008.
267.
Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
268.
Christopher Blanchard,
Afghanistan, Narcotics and US Policy
, Report RL32696. Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2009, p. 1.
269.
Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
270.
Ministry of Counter Narcotics official, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
271.
Estimate taken from: Barnett R. Rubin, Jake Sherman
Counter-Narcotics to Stabilize Afghanistan, the False Promise of Crop Eradication
, New York: Center on International Cooperation, February 2008, p. 13.
272.
Gary Langer,
Public Opinion Trends in Afghanistan
, ABC News, 11 February 2009.
273.
Interview following talk at the Heritage Foundation by Ambassador Thomas Schweich, Washington, 16 May 2007.
274.
Adam Pain,
Let Them Eat Poppies: Closing the Opium Poppy Fields in Balkh and its Consequences
. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, December 2008, p. 2.
275.
Rachel Donadio, “New Course for Antidrug Efforts in Afghanistan,”
The New York Times
, 28 June 2009.
276.
Talk given at the Association of the US Army annual meeting, Washington, 6 October 2009.
277.
For example: Jon Lee Anderson, “Letter from Afghanistan: The Taliban’s War,”
The New Yorker
, 9 July 2007,
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/07/09/070709fa_fact_anderson
.
278.
Doris Buddenberg and William A. Byrd, eds.,
Afghan’s Drug Industry, Structure, Functioning Dynamics and Implications for Counter-Narcotics Policy, 2008
, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and World Bank, p. 6.
279.
Mohammed Hanif Atmar, Minister of Interior, Washington, talk given at the Brookings Institution, 27 February 2009.
280.
Talk given at the Association of the US Army annual meeting, Washington, 6 October 2009.
281.
The Senlis Council,
Feasibility of Opium Licensing in Afghanistan
. London: MF Publishing, 2005.
282.
Vanda Feldab-Brown,
Opium Licensing in Afghanistan: Its Desirability and Feasibility
. Washington: Brookings Institution Policy Paper, August 2007.
283.
Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
284.
Interviews, Kabul, October—November 2008.
285.
David Mansfield and Adam Pain,
Counter-Narcotics in Afghanistan: The Failure of Success
. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) briefing paper, December 2008, p. 3.
Chapter Seven
286.
Interview, Kabul, 27 October 2008.
287.
Talk given at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 15 October 2009.
288.
The International Republican Institute,
Afghanistan Public Opinion Survey, May 3
—
16, 2009
, Lapis Communication Research,
www.iri.org
, p. 49.
289.
John Lee Anderson, “The Man in the Palace,”
The New Yorker
, 6 June 2005.
290.
Gary Langer,
Public Opinion Trends in Afghanistan
, ABC News, 11 February 2009.
291.
Antonio Giustozzi,
Koran, Kalashnikov and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghan
. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 45.
292.
Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.
293.
Interviews, multiple locations, Afghanistan, October—November 2008.
294.
Interviews, Afghanistan, September 2009.
295.
Interviews, Kabul, October—November 2008; Giustozzi, op. cit., pp. 43–46.
296.
Bashir Ahmad Nadem, “Religious Scholar Shot Dead in Kandahar” (
Pajhwok Afghan News
, 6 January 2009,
http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lngAfghanistaneng&idAfghanistan67799_Bashir_Ahmad_Nazim
); “Religious Scholar, Four Guards Killed in Kandahar” (
Pajhwok Afghan News
, 1 March 2009,
http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lngAfghanistaneng&idAfghanistan70485
); A. Jamali, “Taliban Forces Are Now Attacking Sunni Leaders in Afghanistan” (
Eurasia Daily Monitor
, v. 2 n. 107, 2 June 2005,
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cacheAfghanistan1&tx_ttnewsKabul5Btt_newsKabul5DAfghanistan30481
).
297.
Although ulema, especially sayids, did play an important mediative role. Sana Haroon,
Frontier of Faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland
. London: C. Hurst and Co. Publishers, 2007, pp. 68, 78.
298.
“Afghanistan: In Search of Justice,”
National Public Radio
, 12–17 December 2008,
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyIdAfghanistan98121740
.
299.
Carlotta Gall, “Afghan Lawmakers Review Court Nominees,”
The New York Times
, 17 May 2006.
300.
“Taliban Says Responsible for Pro-Karzai Cleric’s Killing,”
The News
(Islamabad), 30 May 2005.
301.
Quoted in
The American Enterprise Institute Newsletter
, January 2009.
302.
Sources on corruption include: USAID,
Assessment of Corruption in Afghanistan
(15 January 2009–15 March 2009); Yama Torabi and Lorenso Delesgues,
Bringing
Accountability Back In
(Integrity Watch Afghanistan, June 2008); Manija Gardizi,
Afghan’s Experience of Corruption: A Study Across Eight Provinces
(Afghan Integrity Watch Afghanistan, December 2007); Yama Torabi and Lorenso Delesgues,
Afghan Perceptions of Corruption: A Survey Across Thirteen Provinces
(Integrity Watch Afghanistan, January 2007).
303.
Interview, Kabul, 23 October 2008.