The Mohammed Code: Why a Desert Prophet Wants You Dead (44 page)

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Ruth Benedict. Patterns of Culture. Originally published1934. New York: New American Library, 1950.

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Benedict cites a Kwakiutl youth who says, "I will not block the road my father laid out for me. I will not break the law my chief laid down for me." Ruth Benedict.
Patterns of Culture
. P. 185. Benedict calls this “time-binding”. She also takes note of a culture as a superorganism…referring to Alfred Kroeber’s concept of culture as “superorganic.” (Ruth Benedict.
Patterns of Culture
. P. 213.) She writes, "It is obvious that the sum of all the individuals in Zuni make up a culture beyond and above what those individuals have willed and created. The group is fed by tradition; it is 'time-binding’. It is quite justifable to call it an organic whole." (Ruth Benedict.
Patterns of Culture
. P. 214.) Benedict also says, “A culture, like an individual, is a more or less consistent pattern of action. ...The whole... is not merely the sum of all its parts, but the result of a unique arrangement and interrelation of the parts that has brought about a new entity.” (Ruth Benedict.
Patterns of Culture
. P. 42.)

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For examples, see passages like the following:

Then to sum up, my dear Clinias, I said, the truth is that in all those things which we said at first were good, the question is not how they are in themselves naturally good, but this is the point, it seems. If ignorance leads them, they are greater evils than their opposites, inasmuch as they are more able to serve the leader which is evil; but if intelligence leads, and wisdom, they are greater goods, while in themselves neither kind is worth anything at all. (Plato. The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters. Edited by Huntington Cairns and Edith Hamilton. New York: Pantheon Books, 1961: p. 395.)

In other words, if a leader is intelligent and wise, the society he leads will be good. If a leader is ignorant, the society he leads will be evil.

See also the interpretation of Plato’s Republic by Reader in Philosophy at Scotland’s University of St. Andrews Leslie Stevenson,
Leslie Stevenson. Seven Theories of Human Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988: p. 32. Stevenson refers to Plato’s Republic, lines 543-576.

46

Munemi Yamada, A case of acculturation in a subhuman society of Japanese monkeys, Primates, Volume 1, Issue 1, Mar 1957, Pages 30 - 46, DOI 10.1007/BF01667197, URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667197
.
John E. Frisch. Individual Behavior and Intertroop Variability in Japanese Macaques.
In Phyllis C. Jay, ed., Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968: p. 246.

47
John E. Frisch. Individual Behavior and Intertroop Variability in Japanese Macaques.
In Phyllis C. Jay, ed., Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968: pp. 246.

48
John E. Frisch. Individual Behavior and Intertroop Variability in Japanese Macaques.
In Phyllis C. Jay, ed., Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968:: p. 246.

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John E. Frisch. Individual Behavior and Intertroop Variability in Japanese Macaques.
In Phyllis C. Jay, ed., Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968:: pp. 247.

50
John E. Frisch. Individual Behavior and Intertroop Variability in Japanese Macaques.
In Phyllis C. Jay, ed., Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968:: p. 247. To see the impact of leaders on a human society, take a look at this quote on the Vikings: "among the viking peoples, perhaps to a larger degree than in any other society of their time, the history of the three great nations tends to be a mere record of the policies and achievements of their great men." Thomas Downing Kendrick. A History of the Vikings. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930, reprinted by New York: Dover Press, 2004: p 117.

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Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Wikipedia. The Founder Effect. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder_effect

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Martin, Eden R.; Speer, Marcy C.. Founder Effect." 3 July 2006.

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"Founders usually have a major impact on how the group defines and solves its external problem of surviving and growing, and how it will internally organize itself and integrate its own efforts. Because they had the original idea, founders will typically have their own notion, based on their own cultural history and personality, of how to get the idea fulfilled. Founders not only have a high level of self-confidence and determination, but typically they also have strong assumptions about the nature of human nature and relationships, how truth is arrived at, and how to manage time and space. Since they started the group, they tend to impose their assumptions on the group and to cling to them until such time as they become unworkable or the group fails and breaks up. As new members and leaders come into the group, the founder's assumptions and beliefs will gradually be modified, but they will always have the biggest impact on what will ultimately be the group's culture." p. 15. Edgar H. Schein. The Role of the Founder in the Creation of Organizational Culture. pp 14-25. In edited by Peter J Frost, Larry F Moore, Meryl Reis Louis, Craig C Lundberg, Joanne Martin. Reframing Organizational Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications: 1991: p. 15.

Edgar H. Schein, a professor at MIT's Sloan School of Management and an expert in organizational culture

"Founders and subsequent leaders continue to influence and maintain organizational culture." p. 18

in a subsection called "Effect Mediated by Founders or Leaders" "When the founder of an organization decides who to bring in as initial key players in the organization and how to structure the organization, ...they hire people who share their own values, and they create organizational structures that reflect those values. Schneider's Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) model states this explicitly, and argues that an eventual outcome of this process...is increased homogeneity within organizations on a variety of dimensions, including personality and values and cultural perceptions." p. 78

"It is also well established that organizational founders and leaders affect their organizations' structures and cultures." p. 79

Handbook of Global Leadership: The Globe Study of 62 Societies

By Robert J House, Paul J Hanges, Mansour Javidan, Peter W Dorfman Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004 "Culture, Leadership, and Organizations reports the results of a ten-year research program, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness research program (GLOBE)", carried out by "a team of 170 scholars" "to study societal culture, organizational culture, and attributes of effective leadership in 62 cultures"

"A key outcome of ASA processes [attraction-selection-attrition] is a continual narrowing...by self-selection. ...this homegenation process can produce sufficient similarity...that the organization can be thought of as having a 'modal personality type'." Lawrence R James, Michelle D Mazerolle. Personality in Work Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002: p. 59.

"In India, Negandhi reported that the owners and founding families' authority and influence on the running of the firm is much higher that what was prevalent in firms operating in western countries. Conformity pressures such as coercive persuasion exercised by powerful people can serve to exert a great deal of social influence as young managers seek inclusion to the power circle." Herbert J. (EDT) Davis, S. R. (EDT) Chatterjee, Mark (EDT) Heuer. Management in India: Trends and Transition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006: p. 136.

"The Norwegian version of sustainable development dates back to the first settlers who came by boat to the territory around 10.000 years ago. ...Puritan values were welcomed in Norway because they complied with the values of prudence and resource consciousness that dates back to the first settlers." Anne Kristine Haugestad, Research Fellow

Department of Sociology and Political Science

Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Presentation at “Citizenship & the Environment”, an ESRC Seminar Series, Seminar 2, “Environmental Citizenship in Practice (I)”, 29-30 April, 2004, The Open University, Milton Keynes.

54
Shaka Zulu’s approximate birth date. See Wikipedia. Shaka. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka#Early_years

55
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986. Angus McBride. Zulu War.

Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1976: p. 4.

56
Robert B Edgerton. Africa's Armies: A History from 1791 to the Present. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press: 2002: p. 10.

57
Murray Davies. Commanding Change: War Winning Military Strategies for Organizational Change. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001: p. 40.

58
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986: pp. 44-45.

59
Leonard L Thompson. A History of South Africa: Third Edition.

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000: pp. 81-83.

60
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986: pp. 52.

61
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986: pp. 51-52.

62
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986: pp. 52.

63
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986: p. 52.

64
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986: p. 53.

65
Donald R. Morris.
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986: p 53.