1
The Spirit of the Age,
165-6.
multiplied; the other exposed, with compelling clarity, the wrongs and injustices of those without land, capital or birth. Lamb, in Ins rusty stockings and unpolished shoes, .preached the English creed of humorous and affectionate acceptance; Hazlitt, with his rapier thrusts,, cleared a way for Thackeray and the young middle-class reformers of
Punch.
Nor did the English vision stop at the English sea. For thousands of patriots in his own age and for millions in the next, England was typified not by Castlereagh, whose foreign policy, as the event proved, was writ in water, but by Byron. The latter's championship of liberty and nationalism, his aristocratic disdain for every form of tyranny., and his realisation, so moving in a fastidious and sensitive man, that a nation has a right to its freedom, whatever its faults or vices, ran through the adolescent mind of European liberalism like fire. The little limping dandy who wrote
The Prisoner of Chillon,
threw, like a lamp on the screen of the future, the form of Gladstone's speeches and Campbell-Bannerman's policy.
The splendours of Regency society, the power and wealth of early nineteenth-century Britain seemed brassy and eternal to the men and women of the time. So did the destitution and degradation that accompanied them. To poor and rich alike they appeared to be unchangeable—part of a divine, or, as many had begun to suspect, a diabolical ordinance. The poets taught otherwise. They could not change the laws or the harsh economic phenomena of the age, or arrest the cumulative evils to which those phenomena gave rise. But they could make men want to change them. "If we are a Christian nation," wrote Coleridge, "we must learn to act nationally as well as individually as Christians..
..
Our manufacturers must consent to regulations; our gentry must concern themselves in the education of their national clients and dependants—must regard their estates as offices of trust with duties to be performed in the sight of God and their country. Let us become a better people and the reform of all the public grievances will follow of itself."
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
USED
IN FOOTNOTES
A
berdeen
.—Lady Frances Balfour,
The Life of George, Fourth Earl of Aberdeen,
1923.
A
ckermann,
Microcosm.
—R. Ackermann,
Microcosm of London,
1808-10.
A
ckermann,
Repository.
—R. Ackermann,
Repository of Arts.
A
lbemarle
.—George Thomas, Earl of Albemarle,
Fifty Years of my Life,
1870.
A
lington
.—C.
A.
Alington,
Twenty Years,
1921.
A
lison
.—Sir
A.
Alison,
History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon to the Accession of Louis Napoleon,
1852.
A
lison,
History, 1815-52.
—Sir
A.
Alison,
History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration,
1850.
A
lken
.—H. Aiken,
The National Sports of Great Britain
(1903 ed.).
A
lsop.—
Memorials of Christine Majolier
(ed. M. Braithwaite), 1881.
A
nderson
.—Lt.-Col. J.
A.
Anderson,
Recollections of a Peninsular Veteran,
1913.
A
ndreades
.—Prof. Andreades,
History of the Bank of England,
1935.
A
ngelo.—
Reminiscences of Henry Angelo,
1830.
Ann. Reg.—Annual Register.
A
nton
.—J. Anton,
Retrospect of a Military Life,
1841.
A
pperley
.—C. J. Apperley,
My Life and Times
(ed. E. D. Cuming), 1927.
A
rbuthnot.—
The Correspondence of Charles Arbuthnot
(ed.
A.
Aspinall), 1941.
M
rs.
A
rbuthnot,
Journal—Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot
(ed. F. Bamford and
Duke of Wellington).
A
rgyll
.—George Douglas, Eighth Duke of Argyll,
Autobiography and
Memoirs,
1906.
A
rteche
.—General Jos^ Arteche y Moro,
Guerra de la Independa, Madrid,
1868-1902.
A
rtz
.—F. B. Artz,
Reaction and Revolution, 1814-32,
1934.
A
shton
.—John Ashton,
Social England under the Regency,
1890.
A
shton,
Industrial Revolution.
—T.
S.
Ashton,
The Industrial Revolution,
1948.
A
spinall,
Brougham.
—A.
Aspinall,
Lord Brougham and the Whig Party,
1927.
A
spinall,
Princess Charlotte.
—A.
Aspinall,
Letters of Princess Charlotte,
1949.
A
ssheton
S
mith
.—Sir J. Eardley-Wilmot,
Reminiscences of the late Thomas
Assheton Smith,
1860.
A
uckland.—
Journal and Correspondence of William Lord Auckland,
1862.
A
usten.-—
Jane Austens Letters to her sister Cassandra and others
(ed. R. W.
Chapman), 1932.
A
usten,
Works.—The Works of Jane Austen
(ed. J. Bailey), 1927.
B
ain,
Mill.—
Alexander Bain,
James Mill,
1882.
Baines
.—E. Baines,
History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain,
1835.
Bamford
.—S. Bamford,
Passages in the Life of a Radical and Early Days
(ed.
H. Dunkley),
1893.
Barante
.—P. Barante,
Souvenirs,
Paris,
1882-9.
Barnard Letters.—
The Barnard Letters
(ed. A. Powell),
1928.
Barrington
.—Sir Jonah Barrington,
Personal Sketches of his own Times,
1827.
Bathurst.—
Bathurst MSS.
(Historical MSS. Commission),
1923.
Beamish
.—N. L. Beamish,
History of the King's German Legion,
1834-7.
Becke
.—A. G. F. Becke,
Napoleon and Waterloo,
1936.
Beer
.—M. Beer,
History of British Socialism,
1929.
Bell
.—G. Bell,
Rough Notes by an Old Soldier,
1867.
Belloc
.—H. Belloc,
Waterloo,
1915.
Bentham.—
Works of Jeremy Bentham
(ed. J. Bowring),
1838-43.
Berry
.—Journals and Correspondence of Miss Berry
(ed. T. Lewis),
1865.
Bessborough.—
Lady Bessborough and her Family Circle
(ed. Earl of Bess
borough and A. Aspinall),
1940.
Bewick.—
Memoirs of Thomas Bewick written by himself,
1924.
Birkbeck
.—M. Birkbeck,
Notes on a Journey through France,
1815.
Blackwood's.—
Blackwood's Magazine.
Blakeney.—
Services, Adventures and Experiences of Captain Robert Blakeney,
1899.
Bland-Burgess.—
Letters and Correspondence of Sir James Bland-Burgess
(ed.
J. Hutton),
1885.
Bonapartism.
—H. A. L. Fisher,
Bonapartism.
Boothby
.—C. Boothby,
Under England's Flag,
1900.
Borrow,
Wild Wales.—G.
Borrow,
Wild Wales,
1901.
Boxiana.
—P. Egan,
Boxiana,
1818-22.
Brock
.—W. R. Brock,
Lord Liverpool and Liberal Toryism,
1941.
Brougham.—
The Life and Times of Henry, Lord Brougham written by himself
1871.
Broughton
.—Lord Broughton,
Recollections of a Long Life,
1909.
Brown
.—W. Brown,
45th
Regiment;
Narrative of a Soldier,
Kilmarnock,
1828.
Brownlow
.—Countess of Brownlow,
Slight Reminiscences of a Septuagenarian,
1867.
Buckingham
.—Duke of Buckingham,
Memoirs of the Regency,
1856.
Burghersh.—
The Correspondence ofLadyBurghersh with the Duke of Wellington
(ed. R. Weigall),
1903.
Burgoyne.—
Life and Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir John Burgoyne,
1873.
Bury
.—Lady Charlotte Bury,
The Diary of a Lady-in-Waiting
(ed. A. Francis Stewart),
1908.
Buxton.—
Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton Bt.
(ed. Charles Buxton).
Byron,
Works.—The Works of Lord Byron
(ed. E. C. Coleridge),
1905.
Byron,
Corr—Lord Byron
s
Correspondence
(ed.
John
Murray),
1922.
Byron,
Letters and Journals—Letters and Journals of Lord Byron
(ed. R. E. Prothero),
1904.
C.H.B.E.—Cambridge History of the British Empire. C.H.F.P—Cambridge History oj British Foreign Policy. C.M.H.—Cambridge Modern History.
Campbell
.—W. Beattie,
Life and Letters of Thomas Campbell,
1849.
Cartwright.—
Life and Correspondence of John Cartwright
(ed. E. Cartwright),
1826.
Castlereagh.—
Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh,
1850-1853.
Cawthorne & Herod
.—G.
J.
Cawthorne and Richard S. Herod,
Royal
Ascot: its History and Associations,
1900.
Cecil,
Melbourne.
—David Cecil,
The Young Melbourne,
1939.
Cecil,
Metternich.
—Algernon Cecil,
Metternich
(1943
ed.).
Chambers,
Coleridge.
—E. K. Chambers,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
1938.
Chambray
.—Marquis de Chambray,
Histoire de Vexpedition de Russie,
Paris,
1839.
Chancellor
.—E. Beresford Chancellor,
Life in Regency and Early Victorian Times,
1926.
Charles Napier
.—Sir W. Napier,
The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier,
1857.
Chesney
.—Lt.-Col. C. Chesney,
Waterloo Lectures,
1869.
Church
.—E. M. Church,
Sir Richard Church in Italy and Greece,
1895.
Clapham.—J.
H. Clapham,
An Economic History of Modern Britain,
1926.
Cobbett,
Cottage Economy.
—W. Cobbett,
Cottage Economy
(ed. Chesterton),
1926.
Cobseti
, Rural Rides.—Cobbett's Rural Rides,
II
(ed.
G. D.
H.
& M.
Cole),
1930.
Cockburn
.—Henry Cockburn,
Memorials of his Time,
1856.
Colchester.—
Diary and Correspondence of Charles Abbot, Lord Colchester,
1861.
Cole,
Cobbett.—G.
D. H. Cole,
Cobbett,
1947.
Coleridge,
Biographia Literia
—S. T. Coleridge,
Biographia Literaria
(Bohn ed.),
1889.
Coleridge,
Essays.
—S. T. Coleridge,
Essays on his own Times
r
1850.
Coleridge,
Friend.
—S. T. Coleridge,
The Friend
(Bohn ed.),
1890.
Coleridge,
Letters.
—S. T. Coleridge,
Letters
(ed. E. H. Coleridge),
1895.
Coleridge,
Miscellanies.
—S. T. Coleridge,
Miscellanies
(Bohn ed.),
1885.
Coleridge,
Table Talk.—S.
T. Coleridge,
The Table Talk and Omniana